2. Recursion For some problems, it’s useful to have a method call itself.
A method that does so is known as a recursive method.
A recursive method can call itself either directly or indirectly through another method.

3. E.g. Fibonacci method Factorial method Towers of Hanoi Merge sort
Linear search
Binary search
Quick sort

4. Q: how to write a recursive method to add numbers from 0 to n?
Public int add(n)
public class TestRecursion2 {
public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("answer="+add(3)); }
public static int add(int n)
if(n<=0)//base case
return 0;
else
System.out.println(n +" + ");
return n+ add(n-1); //general case

5. Q: How do you modify code to add range of values from n1(start) to n2(end)?
public class TestRecursion3 {
public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("answer add2(0,3)="+add2(0,3)); }
public static int add2(int first, int last)
if(last<=0)//base case
return 0;
else
return last+ add(first, last-1); //general case

6. Q: Can you think of a different recursive implementation for previous?
public class TestRecursion3 {
public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("answer add3(0,10)="+add3(0,10)); }
public static int add3(int first, int last) //add numbers in range first to last (first and last inclusive) different recursive implementation
if(first==last)
return first;
if(last-first==1)
return first+last;
return add3(first, first+(last-first)/2)+add3((first+(last-first)/2)+1,last);
//add3(first, last/2) + add(last/2+1,last) is wrong. Last/2 can be less than first

7. Recursion A recursive method always contain a base case(s):
The simplest case that method can solve.
If the method is called with a base case, it returns a result.
If the method is called with a more complex problem, it breaks problem into same but simpler sub-problems and recursively call itself on these smaller sub-problems.
The recursion step normally includes a return statement which allow the method to combine result of smaller problems to get the answer and pass result back to its caller.
return add3(first, first+(last-first)/2)+add3((first+(last-first)/2)+1,last);
Add(0,10)
Add(0,5) add(6,10)
Add(0,2) + Add(3,5) + add(6,8) add(9,10)
Add(0,1)+add(2,2) +add(3,4) + add(5,5) + add(6,7) + add(8,8)

8. Recursion
For the recursion to eventually terminate, each time the method calls itself with a simpler version of the original problem, the sequence of smaller and smaller problems must converge on a base case.
When the method recognizes the base case, it returns a result to the previous copy of the method.

9. Factorial Example Using Recursion: Factorial
factorial of a positive integer n , called n!
n! = n · (n – 1) · (n – 2) · … · 1
1! =1
0! =1
E.g.
5! = = 120
4! = = 24

10. Programming Question
Write a iterative (non-recursive) method factorial in class FactorialCalculator to calculate factorial of input parameter n.
Call this in the main method to print factorials of 0 through 50
A sample output is below:

11. Answer: Try setting n=100 in main. How does the output change?
How does the output change when data type is int?
public class FactorialCalculator {
public static long factorial (long n)
long factorial = n;
for(int i=(int)n;i>=1;i--)
factorial *= i;
return factorial; }
public static void main(String args[])
for(int n=0;n<=100;n++)
System.out.println(n+"!= +factorial (n));
If everything is int (including factorial), after 12! You get weird results!
If everything is long (including factorial), after 21! You get weird results!

12. How to write it recursively?
Recursive aspect comes from : n! = n.(n-1)!
E.g. 5!

13. Programming Question
Modify FactorialCalculator factorial method to have a recursive implementation.

14. Answer Recursive method: public static long factorial(long number) {
if (number ==1 || number==0) //Base Case
return number; }
else //Recursion Step
return number * factorial(number-1);

15. public class FactorialCalculator{
public static long factorial(long number)
if (number ==1 || number==0) //Base Case
return number; }
else //Recursion Step
return number * factorial(number-1);
public static void main(String args[])
for(int n=0;n<=100;n++)
System.out.println(n+"!= "+factorial(n));

16. Recursion Animators
Factorial
Reversing a String
N-Queens Problem

17. Programming Question Using recursion: Fibonacci Series
The Fibonacci series: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, …
Begins with 0 and 1:
Fibonacci(0) = 0
Fibonacci(1) = 1
Each subsequent Fibonacci number is the sum of the previous two.
E.g.
Fibonacci(2) = 0+1
Fibonacci(3) = 1+1
Implement the tester class FinbonacciCalculator that contains the recursive method fibonacci.
Call this method in main method to print fibonacci values of 0 to 40

18. E.g. fibonacci(3)

19. A sample run is shown:

20. Answer FibonacciCalculator.java public class FibonacciCalculator {
public static void main(String args[])
System.out.println("Answer="+fibonacci(5)); }
public static int fibonacci(int n)
if(n==0 || n==1)
return n;
else
return fibonacci(n-1)+fibonacci(n-2);

21. Java Stack and Heap
Before we look at how recursive methods are stored and processed, lets look at two important concept in java:
Java stack and heap
Stack:
A memory space reserved for your process by the OS
the stack size is limited and is fixed and it is determined in the compiler phase based on variables declaration and other compiler options
Mostly, the stack is used to store methods variables
Each method has its own stack (a zone in the process stack), including main, which is also a function.
A method stack exists only during the lifetime of that method

22. Java Stack and Heap Heap: A memory space managed by the OS
the role of this memory is to provide additional memory resources to processes that need that supplementary space at run-time (for example, you have a simple Java application that is constructing an array with values from console);
the space needed at run-time by a process is determined by functions like new (remember, it the same function used to create objects in Java) which are used to get additional space in Heap.

23. Recursion and the Method-Call Stack
Let’s begin by returning to the Fibonacci example
Method calls made within fibonacci(3):
Method calls in program execution stack:
When the first method call (A) is made, an activation record containing the value of the local variable number (3, in this case) is pushed onto the program-execution stack. This
stack, including the activation record for method call A, is illustrated in part (a)
Within method call A, method calls B and E are made. The original method call has not yet completed, so its activation record remains on the stack. The first method call to be made from within A is method call B, so the activation record for method call B is pushed onto the stack on top of the one for method call A.
Method call B must execute and complete before method call E is made.
Within method call B, method calls C and D will be made.
Method call C is made first, and its activation record is pushed onto the stack
When method call C executes, it makes no further method calls, but simply returns the value 1. When this method returns, its activation record is popped
Method stays in stack as long has not completed and returned

24. Homework: Programming Question
Write a class Sentence that define the recursive method isPalindrome() that check whether a sentence is a palindrome or not.
Palindrome: a string that is equal to itself when you reverse all characters
Go hang a salami, I'm a lasagna hog
Madam, I'm Adam

25. You need to shorten the string to keep only letters.
Hint:
Remove both the first and last characters. If they are same check if remaining string is a palindrome.
You need to shorten the string to keep only letters.
Case does not matter.
What are the base cases/ simplest input?
Strings with a single character
They are palindromes
The empty string
It is a palindrome

26. Class Skeleton is provided for you. Copy this code to DrJava
public class Sentence {
private String text;
/**
Constructs a sentence.
@param aText a string containing all characters of the sentence */
public Sentence(String aText)
text = aText; }
Tests whether this sentence is a palindrome.
@return true if this sentence is a palindrome, false otherwise
public boolean isPalindrome()
//TODO – fill in
public static void main(String args[])
Sentence p1 = new Sentence("Madam, I'm Adam.");
System.out.println(p1.isPalindrome());
Sentence p2 = new Sentence("Nope!");
System.out.println(p2.isPalindrome());

27. Answer Sentence.java Continued.. 1 public class Sentence { 2
3 private String text; 4
5 public Sentence(String aText) {
text = aText;
7 } 8
9 public boolean isPalindrome() {
int length = text.length(); 11
if (length <= 1) { return true; } //BASE CASE 13
char first = Character.toLowerCase(text.charAt(0));
char last = Character.toLowerCase(text.charAt(length - 1)); 16
if (Character.isLetter(first) && Character.isLetter(last)) {
if (first == last) {
Sentence shorter = new Sentence(text.substring(1, length - 1));
return shorter.isPalindrome(); }
else {
return false; } }
else if (!Character.isLetter(last)) {
Sentence shorter = new Sentence(text.substring(0, length - 1));
return shorter.isPalindrome(); }
else {
Sentence shorter = new Sentence(text.substring(1));
return shorter.isPalindrome(); }
34 }
Continued..

28. Answer 36 public static void main(String[] args) {
Sentence p1 = new Sentence("Madam, I'm Adam.");
System.out.println(p1.isPalindrome());
Sentence p2 = new Sentence("Nope!");
System.out.println(p2.isPalindrome());
Sentence p3 = new Sentence("dad");
System.out.println(p3.isPalindrome());
Sentence p4 = new Sentence("Go hang a salami, I'm a lasagna hog.");
System.out.println(p4.isPalindrome());
45 }
46}

29. Recursion vs. Iteration
Roughly speaking, recursion and iteration perform the same kinds of tasks:
Solve a complicated task one piece at a time, and
Combine the results.
Emphasis of iteration:
keep repeating until a task is “done”
Emphasis of recursion:
Solve a large problem by breaking it up into smaller and smaller pieces until you can solve it; combine the results.

30. Which is Better? No clear answer, but there are known trade-offs
“Mathematicians” often prefer recursive approach.
Solutions often shorter, closer in spirit to abstract mathematical entity.
Good recursive solutions may be more difficult to design and test.
“Programmers”, esp. w/o college CS training, often prefer iterative solutions.
Somehow, it seems more appealing to many.
Control stays local to loop, less “magical”

31. Which Approach Should You Choose?
Depends on the problem.
The factorial example is pretty artificial;
it’s so simple that it really doesn’t matter which version you choose.
Many ADTs (e.g., trees) are simpler & more natural if methods are implemented recursively.
Recursive isn’t always better:
Recursive Fibonacci takes O(2n) steps! Unusable for large n.
This iterative approach is “linear” (for loop); it takes O(n) steps
Moral:
“Obvious” and “natural” solutions aren’t always practical
Recursive:
F(4) = f(3) f(2)
= f(2) f( 1) + f(1) + f(0)
= f(1) + f(0)
Iterative:
static int fibIteration(int n) {
int x = 0, y = 1, z = 1;
for (int i = 0; i < n; i++) {
x = y; y = z; z = x + y; }
return x;

32. Recursion Vs Iteraion Recursion has many negatives.
Each recursive call causes another copy of the method to be created
consume more memory+ processor power
Since iteration occurs within a method, repeated method calls and extra memory assignment are avoided.