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دکتر رسول کرمانی متخصص بیماری های کودکان ونوزادان
استادیار دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان
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سوال اول مادری نوزاد 2 روزه خود را به دلیل وجود خون روشن در مدفوع نزد شما آورده است ،علایم حیاتی پایدار است
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سوال دوم مادری نوزاد 25 روزه خود به دلیل رگه های خون در مدفوع نزد شما آورده است ،علایم حیاتی نوزاد پایدار است
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سوال سوم شیرخوار 2ماهه ای به علت رگه های خون در مدفوع نزد شما آورده شده است، علایم حیاتی پایدار است
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سوال چهارم نوزاد 3روزه حاصل زایمان طبیعی در منزل به دلیل مدفوع خونی نزد شما آورده شده است
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سوال پنجم نوزاد12روزه، نارس با وزن 1400 گرم به علت دیستانسیون شکم،تب ، بی حالی، کاهش رفلکس ها ومدفوع خونی نزد شما آورده شده است
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سوال ششم پسر 2ساله ای با دفع خون روشن بدون درد وبه طور ناگهانی نزد شما آورده شده است فعلا علایم حیاتی پایدار است
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سوال هفتم شیرخوار2.5 ساله ای با درد شکمی متناوب وبی قراری شدید به همراه یک نوبت مدفوع خونی نزد شما آورده شده است
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سوال هشتم پسر 3 ساله با تب ومدفوع شل همراه رگه های خون نزد شما آورده شده است
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سوال نهم پسر 3ساله مورد بیماری کاوازاکی ودارای عوارض قلبی که از 3 هفته قبل تحت درمان است به علت استفراغ خونی ومدفوع خونی مراجعه کرده است
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سوال دهم دختر 4 ساله مورد فلج مغزی به علت درد شدید هنگام دفع مدفوع وخون روشن درآن مراجعه کرده است
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Gastrointestinal Bleeding
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Causes and Distinguishing Characteristics of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
NEWBORN INFANCY TO 2 YEARS OLD >2 YEARS OLD Lower Upper Mild Severe
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Melena: refers to the passage per rectum of black, tarry stools (>14 hrs). usually indicates UGIB or bleeding from the proximal small bowel. Hematochezia : refers to the passage of bright red blood per rectum. usually suggests LGIB, (typically from the colon) but can occur rarely with a massive UGIB.
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Hematemesis :(vomiting of blood or coffee-ground like material)
occult blood tests
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CHARACTERISTICS TYPE OF BLEEDING NEWBORN Apt test Hematemesis or rectal, large Ingested maternal blood* Eosinophils in feces and in rectal mucosa Streaks of bloody mucus in stool Allergic colitis* Blood found in stomach on lavage Hematemesis, amount varies Peptic disease History of home birth (no vitamin K) Hematemesis or rectal, bruising, other sites Coagulopathy Sick infant with tender and distended abdomen Rectal Necrotizing enterocolitis Cystic mass in abdomen on imaging study Hematemesis Duplication cyst Acute tender distended abdomen Hematemesis, hematochezia Volvulus
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Apt test To differentiate fetal blood from swallowed maternal blood in the evaluation of bloody stools Mix specimen with 3-5 ml of tap water and centrifuge. Supernatant must have a pink color to proceed. To 5 parts of supernatant, add 1 part of 0.25 N (1%) NaOH A pink color persisting over 2 minutes indicates fetal hemoglobin
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CHARACTERISTICS TYPE OF BLEEDING INFANCY TO 2 YEARS OLD Crampy pain, distention, mass Rectal bleeding Intussusception* Massive, bright red bleeding; no pain Rectal Meckel diverticulum* Bloody diarrhea, fever Bacterial enteritis* Epigastric pain, coffee-ground emesis Usually hematemesis, rectal possible Peptic disease History or evidence of liver disease Hematemesis Esophageal varices NSAID injury
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CHARACTERISTICS TYPE OF BLEEDING >2 YEARS OLD See above NSAID injury* Bacterial enteritis* Meckel diverticulum* Bright red or coffee-ground, follows retching Hematemesis Mallory-Weiss syndrome* Dilated external veins, blood with wiping Rectal Hemorrhoids Thrombocytopenia, anemia, uremia Hemolytic uremic syndrome Crampy pain, poor weight gain, diarrhea Usually rectal Inflammatory bowel disease Peptic disease Esophageal varices
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Upper gastrointestinal bleeding :
originates from proximal to the ligament of Treitz bleeding sources in the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum Lower gastrointestinal bleeding : bleeding distal to the ligament of Treitz bleeding sources in the small bowel and colon
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Meckel Diverticulum most common congenital anomaly of the GI tract
“rule of 2s,” 2% of the general population located 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal valve 2 inches in length contain 2 types of ectopic tissue (pancreatic or gastric) present before the age of 2 yr, twice as commonly in females.
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
1st or 2nd yr of life (average: 2.5 yr) intermittent painless rectal bleeding The stool is typically described as brick colored or currant jelly colored significant anemia but is usually Hypovolemic partial or complete bowel obstruction Diverticulitis
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DIAGNOSIS : The most sensitive study is a Meckel radionuclide scan, which is performed after intravenous infusion of technetium-99m pertechnetate Treatment of a symptomatic Meckel diverticulum is surgical excision
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Intussusception most common cause of intestinal obstruction between 5 mo and 3 yr of age most common abdominal emergency in children younger than 2 yr 80% of the cases occur before age 24 mo The seasonal incidence has peaks in fall and winter
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CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
sudden onset, in a previously well child severe paroxysmal colicky pain that recurs at frequent intervals straining efforts with legs and knees flexed loud cries progressively weaker and lethargic respirations become shallow and grunting vomitus becomes bile stained pass a stool containing red blood and mucus
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DIAGNOSIS : Ultrasound
TREATMENT: Radiologic hydrostatic reduction Surgical reduction
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History Description of onset, location, duration, occurrence
Exposure to raw food, reptiles, travel, or toxins Foreign body ingestion Exposure to others with similar symptoms Ingestion of specific foods or medications Other associated symptoms (mouth sores, pain, rashes, vomiting, swelling, headaches, neck pain, chest pain, diarrhea, fevers, bruising, infections) Medications (nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs [NSAIDS], warfarin, hepatotoxins, antibiotic use)
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Substances That Color Stool or Emesis
Red: candy, fruit punch, beets, laxatives, phenytoin, rifampin Black: bismuth, activated charcoal, iron, spinach, blueberry, licorice
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Targeted Physical Examination
Vital signs: orthostasis, pulse pressure, instability, urine output General: appearance (well or ill), fever, mental status Head, eyes, ears, nose, and throat: trauma, scleral injection, petechiae, lip and buccal pigmentation, epistaxis, erythema or burns to posterior pharynx, bleeding Chest/cardiovascular: tachycardia, murmur, capillary refill Abdomen: tenderness, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, caput medusa, distention, ascites Genitourinary: fistula, swelling Rectal: gross blood, melena, tags, tenderness, fissure, fistula, swelling, inflammation Dermatological: pallor, jaundice, rash, arteriovenous malformation (AVM), bruising, petechiae
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Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
All Patients : CBC and plt,PT,PTT,INR,AST,ALT,GGT,Bil,OB,BG &Rh Abdominal x-ray series Evaluation of Bloody Diarrhea : Stool culture, Clostridium difficile toxin Sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy CT with contrast Evaluation of Rectal Bleeding with Formed Stools : External and digital rectal examination Meckel scan Mesenteric arteriogram Video capsule endoscopy
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Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Bleeding
Evaluation of Hematemesis : Barium upper GI series if endoscopy not available Evaluation of Bleeding with Pain and Vomiting (Bowel Obstruction) : Abdominal x-ray series Pneumatic or contrast enema Upper GI series
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Imaging Studies and Associated Indications
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Initial management of gastrointestinal bleeding
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Therapy
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1- Serum NS or Ringer Lanlute 20 mL/ kg اگر در شوک باشد: 2- Serum درحد نگه دارنده،(maintenance) 3- Reserve P.C Isogroup ISoRh کمتر از بگیردP.C , کمتر از7Hb در صورت 4- Amp Pantoprazole 1mg/kg/dose IV BID 5- Amp Octerotid 14mcg/kg state SC & 1-6 mcg /kg / hr IV (انفوزیون) در صورت 1-خونریزی فعال 2-خونریزی شدید 3-واریس مری 6- 2 IV line fixed. 7- Check Hb, HCT Q 6hr 8- CBC, diff, BUN, Cr, PT, PTT, INR 9- Control Vital Sign بر حسب شرایط بیمار 10- ICU admitionدر صورت علایم حیاتی ناپایدار
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جواب سوالات بلع خون مادری، زخم سر سینه مادر: (دفع خون در مدفوع,نوزاد2روزه)سوال اول سوال دوم(25 روزه ودفع خون): زخم سینه مادر، کولیت آلرژیک سوال سوم(2ماهه و رگه خون): کولیت آلرژیک Kسوال چهارم(3 روزه وزایمان طبیعی): کمبود ویتامین NEC سوال پنجم(12 روزه ودیستانسیون شکم): سوال ششم( 2ساله ودفع خون روشن بدون درد): دیورتیکول مکل سوال هفتم(2.5 ساله ودرد شکمی متناوب): انواژیناسیون سوال هشتم( تب واسهال خونی): کولیت عفونی سوال نهم(کاوازاکی وتحت درمان): گاستریت دارویی سوال دهم(فلج مغزی ودفع دردناک): فیشر،همورویید
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