1. Psychology 40S Motivation, Emotion, Stress and Health
Source: PSYCHOLOGY (9th Edition) David Myers Worth Publishers, © 2010

2. What Motivates You?

3. Motivation
Motivation: is a need or desire that energizes(or moves) behavior and directs it towards a goal.
Aron Ralston was motivated to cut his arm in order to free himself from a rock that pinned him down.
AP Photo/ Rocky Mountain News, Judy Walgren
Aron Ralston

4. Watch Aron Ralston Aron Ralston

5. Theories of Motivation
Researchers have developed a number of different theories to explain motivation, for example:
Instinct Theory of Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
Arousal Theory of Motivation
Incentive Theory of Motivation
Abraham Maslow’s Theory of Motivation (Humanistic Theory)

6. Drive-Reduction Theory
People are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs.
People and animals experience a drive arising from a need as an unpleasant tension. They learn to do whatever will reduce that tension by reducing the drive, such as eating to reduce their hunger drive.
Basic drives motivate us to restore an internal state of balance. This state of balance (equilibrium) in the body is called homeostasis.

7. Arousal Theory of Motivation
People are motivated to seek an optimum level of excitement or arousal People with high levels of arousal will be drawn to high excitement behaviors. While others with lower levels are satisfied with less exciting and less risky activities. Performance increases with arousal but only to a certain extent.

8. Incentive Theory of Motivation
People are motivated to do things because of external rewards.

9. Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation is the desire to perform behaviour for its own sake, not for any external reward.
Extrinsic Motivation is the desire to perform behaviour because of promised reward or threats of punishment.
Which is better?
Surprisingly both work together. Sometimes external rewards can help us achieve a goal. What is the problem with external rewards?

10. Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Humanistic Theory of Motivation)
suggested that certain needs have priority over others. Physiological needs like breathing, thirst, and hunger come before psychological needs such as achievement, self-esteem, and the need for recognition.
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11. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Self-transcendence needs
Need to find meaning and identity beyond the self
According to Maslow, once our lower-level needs are met, we are prompted to satisfy our higher-level needs.

13. Hierarchy of Needs Activity Handout
Reflect on your activities over the past few months
Give an example of a behaviour you had recently that met the needs of each level of Maslow’s hierarchy.

14. Motivation Assignment
What is motivation?
What motivates people?
Give an example of a time when you were motivated to do something…what motivated you to do it and why?
Why are some people more motivated than others?
Video: The surprising truth about what motivates us. What is the video saying about motivation?
List things that motivate you.
Look at your list and put an E beside the Extrinsic motivators and an I beside the Intrinsic motivators.
After watching the video, and discussing the video in your groups, and what you have learned about motivation…what is motivation and/or what motivates people?

15. What does this tell you about Motivation?
Video:
The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us
The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us
What does this tell you about Motivation?

16. Motivation and Emotion
Our emotional state is closely related to our motivation. Emotion influences motivation and motivation influences emotion. The word emotion comes from the Latin word meaning “to move.” First, the body is physically aroused during emotion. Such bodily stirrings are what cause us to say we were “moved” by a play, a funeral, or an act of kindness. Second, we are often motivated, or moved to take action, by emotions such as fear, anger or joy.
Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

17. Emotion Emotions are a mix of: physical arousal expressive behaviors
conscious experience
For example, when I am happy…
Preview Question 1: What are the components of an emotion?

18. List all of the emotions you have experienced today

19. Emotion Emotions are states of feeling.
They are our body’s adaptive response.
Emotions are linked to many basic adaptive behaviours, such as attacking, fleeing, seeking comfort, helping others, reproducing etc. Such behaviours help us survive and adjust to changing conditions. Of course, emotions can have negative effects. Stage fright or choking up in sports can spoil performances. Hate, anger, contempt, disgust and fear disrupt behaviour and relationships.
Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

20. Controversy
Does physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience?
Does cognition (thinking) precede emotion (feeling)?
For example:
Are you happy because you laughed or are you laughing because you are happy?
Are you sad because you are crying or crying because you are sad?

21. Commonsense View
When you become happy, your heart starts beating faster. First comes conscious awareness, then comes physiological activity.
Bob Sacha

22. Emotions List as many emotions as you can think of…
Acceptance Affection Aggression Ambivalence Apathy Anxiety Anger Boredom Confusion Curiosity Disgust Depression Doubt Ecstasy Empathy Envy Embarrassment Euphoria Fear Forgiveness Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Homesickness Hunger Hysteria Interest Joy Loneliness Love Paranoia Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Sadness Shame Suffering Surprise Sympathy
List as many emotions as you can think of…

23. There are eight basic emotions that is related to survival…
Acceptance Affection Aggression Ambivalence Apathy Anxiety Anger Boredom Confusion Curiosity Disgust Depression Doubt Ecstasy Empathy Envy Embarrassment Euphoria Fear Forgiveness Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Homesickness Hunger Hysteria Interest Joy Loneliness Love Paranoia Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Sadness Shame Suffering Surprise Sympathy
Which ones are they and why?

24. Emotions Related to Survival
Anger leads to destruction of the obstacle
Fear leads to protection
Sadness leads to a search for help and comfort
Disgust leads to rejection and pushing away
Surprise leads to a turning inward
Curiosity which lead to exploration and searching
Acceptance which leads to sharing
Joy which leads to reproduction, courting and mating
(Based on the work of Robert Plutchik in the 1980s)

25. Basic Emotions
Acceptance Affection Aggression Ambivalence Apathy Anxiety Anger Boredom Confusion Curiosity Disgust Depression Doubt Ecstasy Empathy Envy Embarrassment Euphoria Fear Forgiveness Frustration Gratitude Grief Guilt Hatred Hope Horror Hostility Homesickness Hunger Hysteria Interest Joy Loneliness Love Paranoia Pity Pleasure Pride Rage Regret Remorse Sadness Shame Suffering Surprise Sympathy

26. Emotional Appraisal
Emotional appraisal refers to evaluating the personal meaning of a stimulus. (Is it good/bad, threatening/supportive, relevant/irrelevant and so on.)
For example: If another driver cuts you off on the highway, you could become very angry. But if you do, you will add 15 minutes of emotional upset to your day. By changing your appraisal, you could just as easily choose to laugh at the other driver’s childish behaviour and minimize the emotional wear and tear.
Controlling your emotions is a hard thing to do!!
Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

27. Emotional Appraisal Appraisal: You have been slighted or demeaned
You feel threatened.
You have experienced a loss
You have broken a moral rule
You have not lived up to your ideals
You desire something another has
You are near something repulsive
You fear the worst but yearn for better
You are moving toward a desired goal
You are linked with a valued object or accomplishment
You have been treated well by another
You desire affection from another person
You are moved by someone’s suffering
Anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, shame, envy, disgust, hope, happiness, pride, gratitude, love compassion
Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

28. Emotional Appraisal Emotion You have been slighted or demeaned Anger
You feel threatened. Anxiety
You have experienced a loss Sadness
You have broken a moral rule Guilt
You have not lived up to your ideals Shame
You desire something another has Envy
You are near something repulsive Disgust
You fear the worst but yearn for better Hope
You are moving toward a desired goal Happiness
You are linked with a valued object or accomplishment Pride
You have been treated well by another Gratitude
You desire affection from another person Love
You are moved by someone’s suffering Compassion
Anger, anxiety, sadness, guilt, shame, envy, disgust, hope, happiness, pride, gratitude, love compassion
Source: Psychology A Journey (Nelson)

29. Recipe for Handling Relationships Smoothly
“Be angry with the right person, to the right degree, at the right time, for the right purpose, and in the right way.” (Aristotle, Greek philosopher)

30. Expressed Emotion
Emotions are expressed on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. Is this nonverbal language of emotion universal?
Preview Question 5: How do we communicate nonverbally?

31. Expressed Emotion
Are emotional expressions a carryover from earlier stages of human evolution?
Charles Darwin thought so. Darwin observed that angry tigers, monkeys, dogs and humans all bare their teeth in the same way.
Darwin believed that emotional expressions evolved to communicate our feelings to other, which aids survival. Such messages give us valuable hints about what other people are likely to do next.
Preview Question 5: How do we communicate nonverbally?

32. Detecting Emotion
Most of us are good at deciphering emotions through nonverbal communication. In a crowd of faces a single angry face will “pop out” faster than a single happy face. Presumably, we are especially sensitive to threatening faces because they warn us of possible harm.

33. Expressed Emotion
Facial expressions of fear, anger, disgust, sadness and happiness (enjoyment) are recognized around the world. Do we learn facial expressions from others or are we born with them?

34. Emotions present at birth:
Experienced Emotion
Emotions present at birth:
Patrick Donehue/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
Tom McCarthy/ Rainbow
Lew Merrim/ Photo Researchers, Inc.
Nancy Brown/ The Image Bank
Marc Grimberg/ The Image Bank
Michael Newman/ PhotoEdit

35. Paul Ekman
Psychologist who has been a pioneer in the study or emotions and their relation to facial expressions.

36. Name The Emotions 1

37. 2

38. 3

39. 4

40. 5

41. 6

42. 7

43. Emotions Revealed
Emotions Revealed

44. Lie Detectors
Polygraph (a lie detector) records changes in heart rate, blood pressure, breathing rate and “sweating.” The device only records general emotional arousal – it can’t tell the difference between lying and fear, anxiety or excitement
Read page 389 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

45. Lie Spotting

46. Emotional Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence is a combination of skills, such as empathy, self-control and self-awareness. Such skills can make us more flexible, adaptable, emotionally mature. People who excel in life tend to be emotionally intelligent.

47. Emotionally Intelligent People
Self-awareness (tuned in to their own feelings)
Empathy (perceive emotions in others)
Manage emotions (ability to manage your own emotions and those of others)
4. Understand emotions (know what causes various emotions, what they mean and how they affect behaviour)
Use emotions (use their feelings to enhance thinking and decision making)
Page 397 Nelson’s Psychology A Journey

48. Marshmallow Test
Walter Mischel (1972) presented the marshmallow delemma to preschoolers at Stanford University. “You can have this marshmallow now if you want, but if you don’t eat it until after I run an errand, you can have two.”

49. Videos: Marshmallow test 2 Zimbardo: marshmallow test explained
Watch marshmallow

50. Marshmallow Test Explained
Self-control often requires that we ignore immediate rewards in favor of larger, delayed rewards. Compared to the children who failed the marshmallow test, the children who passed it demonstrated greater personal and social competence in adulthood. Consideration of the future consequences of one’s behaviour seems to be associated with better health, greater job success, and stonger interpersonal relations. Self-control may be the master virtue.
Source: Pursuing Human Strengths

51. Marshmallow Test and Emotional Intelligence
How does Emotional Intelligence have anything to do with the Marshmallow Test?

52. Anger What makes you angry? Why does it make you angry?
What do you do to alleviate anger?

53. Anger In excess, can lead to heart disease BUT
Can also help people alleviate problems in a healthy manner

54. Causes of Anger
People generally become angry with friends and loved ones who commit wrongdoings, especially if they are willful, unjustified, and avoidable.
People are also angered by foul odors, high temperatures, traffic jams, and aches and pains.

55. Do you agree or disagree?
Catharsis
Catharsis is an emotional release
Catharsis Hypothesis
Releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges
Do you agree or disagree?

56. What does the research say?
Expressing anger breeds more anger
Hitting a punching bag leads to more cruelty
Venting anger may lead to more hostility
“Venting to reduce anger is like using gasoline to put out a fire.” Brad Bushman

57. How should you handle anger?
1. Wait 2. Deal with anger in a way that involves neither being chronically angry over every little annoyance nor passively sulking

58. Micha laughing at sister crying
Happiness
People who are happy perceive the world as being safer. They are able to make decisions easily, are more cooperative, rate job applicants more favorably, and live healthier, energized, and more satisfied lives.
Micha laughing at sister crying
Preview Question 10: What are the causes and consequences of happiness?

59. Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon
When we feel happy we are more willing to help others.

60. Predictors of Happiness
Why are some people generally more happy than others?

61. Stress and Health Psychological states cause physical illness.
Stress is any circumstance (real or perceived) that threatens a person’s well-being.
Preview Question 11: What is stress?
Lee Stone/ Corbis
When we feel severe stress, our ability to cope with it is impaired.

62. Stress and Health
Stress is a normal even essential part of life that goes hand in hand with working toward any goal or facing any challenge. Whether we like it or not, we cannot escape stress but we can however learn to cope with stress so that it makes our lives interesting without overwhelming us.
Stress can be adaptive. In a fearful or stress- causing situation, we can run away and save our lives. Stress can be maladaptive. If it is prolonged (chronic stress), it increases our risk of illness and health problems.

63. Stress and Stressors
At times stress is the stimulus (missing an appointment) and at other times it is a response (sweating while taking a test).
A stressor is a stress-producing event or situation. Traveling in an airplane may be a stressor for someone who has never flown but not for a flight attendant.

64. Two Types of Stress
Distress (Negative Stress) – stress that stems from acute anxiety or pressure. This type of stress can take a harsh toll on the mind and body. Eustress – positive stress which motivates and challenges the person

65. Stress and Stressors
Stress is not merely a stimulus or a response. It is a process by which we appraise and cope with environmental threats and challenges.
Bob Daemmrich/ The Image Works
When short-lived or taken as a challenge, stressors may have positive effects. However, if stress is threatening or prolonged, it can be harmful.

66. The Stress Response System
Fight or Flight
Walter Cannon introduced the term stress.
He proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands

67. The Stress Response System
2. General Adaptation Syndrome
According to Hans Selye, the stressed individual goes
through three phases. Alarm reaction, Resistance, Exhaustion
EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov

68. Stressful Life Events
Catastrophic Events: Catastrophic events like earthquakes, combat stress, and floods lead individuals to become depressed, sleepless, and anxious.
Significant Life Changes: The death of a loved one, a divorce, a loss of job, or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable to disease.
Daily Hassles: Rush hour traffic, long lines, job stress, and becoming burnt-out are the most significant sources of stress and can damage health.
Preview Question 12: What events provoke stress response?

69. Stress and the Heart
Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in coronary heart disease, a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle.
Plaque in
coronary artery
Artery
clogged
Preview Question 13: Why are some of us more prone than others to coronary heart disease?

70. Stress and Colds
Experiment: Drops of the common cold virus where given to subjects. Those who were stressed were twice as likely to develop a cold.

71. Personality Types
Type A is a term used for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people.
Type B refers to easygoing, relaxed people.
Type A personalities are more likely to develop
coronary heart disease.

72. Coping with Stress Problem-focused coping and Emotion-focused coping.
Reducing stress by changing events that cause stress or by changing how we react to stress is called problem-focused coping.
Taking control
Seeking information
Evaluation the pros and cons
Preview Question 15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?

73. Coping with Stress
Emotion-focused coping is when we cannot change a stressful situation, and we respond by attending to our own emotional needs.(You think about your emotions or you can avoid them.)
Keeping yourself busy/distracting yourself to take mind off issue
Letting off steam to other people
Praying for guidance and strength
Ignoring problem
Building yourself up to expect the worse
Women tend to use more emotion focused strategies then men
Preview Question 15: What factors affect our ability to cope with stress?

74. Personal Control
External Locus of Control: When people feel that chance or outside forces beyond their control determines their fate. Internal Locus of Control: When people feel that they control their own fate.

76. Develop An Internal Locus of Control (Article Review)
Read the article.
What does research say about people with an internal locus of control?
What are the 5 ways to Develop An Internal Locus of Control?
What are some tips that are mentioned?

77. Develop An Internal Locus of Control
Realize that you always have choice to change your situation.
When you feel trapped, make a list of all possible courses of action.
You may want to also brainstorm with a friend to get more ideas
When you have a list, evaluate each one and decide on the best course of action for you.
Repeat this practice when you feel trapped in frustrating situations in your life.
Tips:
Notice your language and self talk.
Phase out phrases like, ‘I have no choice’, and, ‘I can’t…” You can replace them with, ‘I choose not to,’ or, ‘I don’t like my choices, but I will…’
Your attitude affects your stress level more than you may realize.

78. Watch: How to Make Stress Your Friend
Social Support
Supportive family members, marriage partners, and close friends help people cope with stress. Their immune functioning calms the cardiovascular system and lowers blood pressure.
Watch: How to Make Stress Your Friend