1. Reviewing Leaders

2. Eisenhower and Dulles in the US
1952, Eisenhower in, had been Chief of Staff and Commander
Dulles, Sec. of State
Both strongly anti-Communist
Dulles had discussed roll-back
No attempt ever made
‘New Look’ policy instead
Use of alliances
Assisting forces fighting communism
CIA used
Notable was threat of nuclear weapons
Brinkmankship
Also aware of the dangers though
Summits in 55 and 59

3. Khruschev and Co-Existence
New attitudes in Soviet Union
Stalin died in 1953, Nikita Khruschev part of a collective leadership
‘New Course’
Peaceful co-existence
Should accept differences with West
Capitalism would eventually die out
Khruschev wins power struggle

4. Other Factors in the Cool
Avoiding a nuclear holocaust
Wanted to decrease military spending
Korean War ended in 1954
April 1955, Austrian State Treaty
First meeting of the heads of government
Geneva Summit, July 1955
Better relationship in terms of trade exhibitions, scientific information and cultural exchanges
1956, Khruschev gives de-Stalinization speech
Creates problems for him
Suez Canal crisis created problems for US
Eisenhower Doctrine out of this

5. Technology 1957 Sputnik launched by Soviets Missile Gap
Panic in America
Khruschev suggests he can wipe out a city
Missile Gap
Gaither Report created
Increase in missile spending
Build-up of conventional forces
Buildup of fallout shelters
U-2 spy planes showed the gap did not exist
Eisenhower created NASA in 1958, increased science education

6. 1958-1960 Eisenhower confident in nuclear superiority
Khruschev in 1958, issues ultimatum to the West to leave Berlin
Did not, he backed down
Accepted an invitation to visit US in 1959
Paris Summit May 1960 planned
U-2 Incident
Before summit, US plane shot down, Eisdenhower embarrassed
Refused to apologize at Paris
Cancelled his visit to Soviet Union
Thaw was at an end