1. AYN RAND

2. BIOGRAPHY
Ayn Rand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia, on February 2, At age six she taught herself to read and two years later discovered her first fictional hero in a French magazine for children, thus capturing the heroic vision which sustained her throughout her life.

3. BIOGRAPHY CONTINUED
At the age of nine, she decided to make fiction writing her career. Thoroughly opposed to the mysticism and collectivism of Russian culture, she thought of herself as a European writer, especially after encountering Victor Hugo, the writer she most admired.

4. When her family returned from the Crimea, she entered the University of Petrograd to study philosophy and history. Graduating in 1924, she experienced the disintegration of free inquiry and the takeover of the university by communist thugs. Amidst the increasingly gray life, her greatest pleasures were Viennese operettas and Western films and plays. Long an admirer of cinema, she entered the State Institute for Cinema Arts in 1924 to study screenwriting. It was at this time that she was first published: a booklet on actress Pola Negri (1925) and a booklet titled “Hollywood: American Movie City” (1926), both reprinted in 1999 in Russian Writings on Hollywood.

5. In late 1925 she obtained permission to leave Soviet Russia for a visit to relatives in the United States. Although she told Soviet authorities that her visit would be short, she was determined never to return to Russia. She arrived in New York City in February She spent the next six months with her relatives in Chicago, obtained an extension to her visa, and then left for Hollywood to pursue a career as a screenwriter.

6. On Ayn Rand’s second day in Hollywood, Cecil B
On Ayn Rand’s second day in Hollywood, Cecil B. DeMille saw her standing at the gate of his studio, offered her a ride to the set of his movie The King of Kings, and gave her a job, first as an extra, then as a script reader. During the next week at the studio, she met an actor, Frank O’Connor, whom she married in 1929; they were married until his death fifty years later.

7. After struggling for several years at various nonwriting jobs, including one in the wardrobe department at the RKO Radio Pictures, Inc., she sold her first screenplay, “Red Pawn,” to Universal Pictures in 1932 and saw her first stage play, Night of January 16th, produced in Hollywood and then on Broadway.

8. Her first novel, We the Living, was completed in 1934 but was rejected by numerous publishers, until The Macmillan Company in the United States and Cassells and Company in England published the book in The most autobiographical of her novels, it was based on her years under Soviet tyranny.

9. She began writing The Fountainhead in (taking a short break in 1937 to write the anti-collectivist novelette Anthem). In the character of the architect Howard Roark, she presented for the first time the kind of hero whose depiction was the chief goal of her writing: the ideal man, man as “he could be and ought to be.” The Fountainhead was rejected by twelve publishers but finally accepted by the Bobbs-Merrill Company. When published in 1943, it made history by becoming a best-seller through word of mouth two years later, and gained for its author lasting recognition as a champion of individualism.

11. Ayn Rand returned to Hollywood in late to write the screenplay for The Fountainhead, but wartime restrictions delayed production until Working part time as a screenwriter for Hal Wallis Productions, she began her major novel Atlas Shrugged, in In 1951 she moved back to New York City and devoted herself full time to the completion of Atlas Shrugged.

12. Published in 1957, Atlas Shrugged was her greatest achievement and last work of fiction. In this novel she dramatized her unique philosophy in an intellectual mystery story that integrated ethics, metaphysics, epistemology, politics, economics and sex. Although she considered herself primarily a fiction writer, she realized that in order to create heroic fictional characters, she had to identify the philosophic principles which make such individuals possible.

13. Thereafter, Ayn Rand wrote and lectured on her philosophy—Objectivism, which she characterized as “a philosophy for living on earth." She published and edited her own periodicals from 1962 to 1976, her essays providing much of the material for six books on Objectivism and its application to the culture.

14. Ayn Rand died on March 6, 1982, in her New York City apartment.
Every book by Ayn Rand published in her lifetime is still in print, and hundreds of thousands of copies are sold each year, so far totaling more than 25 million. Several new volumes have been published posthumously. Her vision of man and her philosophy for living on earth have changed the lives of thousands of readers and launched a philosophic movement with a growing impact on American culture.

20. Summary of the Story
Society is controlled by the World Council, which directs every aspect of every individual’s life.
The main character, Equality , describes how the society he lives in has no industry or technology, nothing is man-made. He has been assigned to work as a Street Sweeper.
Equality ’s individuality is still alive and he defies the rules, leading to him rediscovering and reinventing electric light.
He brings the light bulb to the Council of Scholars; however, they are frightened by his invention.
When the council threatens to destroy his light bulb, Equality flees with his invention to Uncharted Forest.

21. Summary of the Story Part 2
When the council threatens to destroy his light bulb, Equality flees with his invention to Uncharted Forest.
He meets a girl, whom he falls in love with, despite the ban of love and affection, they take on new identities now known as “Prometheus” and “Gaea.”
They go to a library and discover man is a separate individual, with a self that is the source of creativity; it is wrong to live for others; conformity, obedience and sacrifice are the cause of unhappiness and destruction.

22. Utopias and Anti-Utopias
This type of fictions is often referred to as “anti-utopian,” meaning that the world is presented as it should not be.
Novels such as 1984 and Brave New World present the worst possible society. For example, society is tyrannical, but has highly technological economy – a combination Ayn Rand did not believe possible.
The society Ayn Rand depicts is stagnant and primitive.

23. Philosophical Meaning
Ayn Rand was a philosopher, who wrote nonfiction works on a wide range of philosophic issues; however, she was also a novelist who wrote stories with strong philosophical content.
In her novels, she dramatized her philosophy and showed her readers how philosophy applies to the event’s of men’s lives by making issues alive, concrete, and real.

24. Individualism vs Collectivism
The principal political issue in Anthem – and in society at large – is the issue of individualism vs collectivism.
The society depicted in Anthem is a collectivist society, the individual is owned by the group; he has no right to a private existence, which means no right to lead his own life, pursue his own happiness or use his own property.
The alternative to collectivism is individualism.
Individualism means that every man is an individual and has the same rights.

25. Selflessness
Anthem dramatizes Ayn Rand’s view that self is destroyed in a collectivist society.
No one has a personal name, for, under collectivism, individuals are interchangeable.
Anthem depicts what happens to a society that implements selflessness: a selfless individual is a mindless individual.
To practice selflessness, one must abstain from thinking and obeying one’s master. To practice collectivism, one must merge himself into the group by obliterating individual identity and individual thought.
The result of collectivism is the society found in Anthem, a society of mindless robots with no creativity.

26. Egoism Egoism means “concern with one’s own interests.”
Equality is egotistic, he lives for his own happiness; he does not sacrifice for others, nor does he sacrifice others to himself.
Equality represents the unconquerable human spirit, the affirmation of life; on the other hand, his fellow citizens are grey, passive, and nonentities, they are the living dead.
Ayn Rand states that self is like god, not in a religious sense, but one’s ego or self is “god” that it is one’s highest value, the source of what’s good in life on Earth.

27. Free Will
One of the oldest and most significant philosophical issues is the problem of free will vs determination.
Anthem demonstrates what it means to have free will, and it does so in a particularly interesting way.
Citizens in Anthem’s society choose to be robots, they were not forced to obey.
In Ayn Rand’s view, man has the power to think and direct his life; he isn’t doomed to a life of depair and defeat.