1. Black Holes: The Inside Story
Presented by:
Robert E. Strong
Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong
Richard J. Pollack
From: West Liberty State College SMART-Center &
Near Earth Object Foundation
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

2. Black Holes: The Inside Story
Presented by:
Robert E. Strong
Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong
Richard J. Pollack
In an effort to be environmentally friendly:
Complete copies of this presentation can be found at
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

3. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Aristotle ( BC)
Great thinker - lousy experimentalist
Qualitative, not Quantitative
But, that did not stop us from using his ideas for nearly 1,800 years as unquestioned facts
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

4. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Aristotle (continued)
Everything has a tendency to fall from up to down, toward the Earth
Heavy objects fall faster than do light objects
ACTIVITY - Falling
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

5. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Galileo Galilei ( )
Great experimentalist
Proves that all bodies fall at the same rate when taking into account air resistance
ACTIVITY - geometry counts in falling
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

6. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Isaac Newton ( )
Stood on Galileo’s shoulders and took his ideas further and deeper
Gravity as a force at a distance
Force of gravity varies as the inverse square of the distance between centers
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

7. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Force of Gravity is a “Law of Universal Gravitation”
Where:
Fg = force of gravity
m1 and m2 are masses
r = distance between the centers of mass
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

8. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
John Michell ( )
Brilliant scientist, in 1784 pointed out that a star that was sufficiently massive and compact would have such a strong gravitational force that light would not be able to escape the surface, making a “Dark Star”
No Picture Found
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

9. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
John Michell, using Newton’s ideas of gravity as a force, saw that if a strong enough gravity were at the surface, that not only could material objects not leave the surface, but light itself may bend and be trapped
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

10. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Henry Cavendish ( )
Finishes the work of Michell (did the set-up experiment) and Newton, and determines “G” the Gravitational Constant in 1797
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

11. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Simon Pierre LaPlace ( )
Independently suggested the Michell idea of a “Dark Star” in his early writings and works
Later editions left the “Dark Star” idea out
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

12. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Albert Einstein ( )
In 1916 offers the Theory of General Relativity
Suggests that gravity is not a force, but rather is a curvature in space and time
Gravity is geometry
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

13. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

14. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Karl Schwarzchild ( )
In 1916 used Einstein’s General Relativity to define a Black Hole
Defined the “event horizon” gravitational radius of a black hole AKA the … “Schwarzchild Radius”
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

15. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Schwarzchild Radius
Escape Velocity =
Set (Celeritas)
Solve for the radius
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

16. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for an Earth mass
G = x10-11 m3/kg/s2
me = x1024kg
c = x108 m/s
c2 = x1016 m2/s2
rs = x10-3m
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

17. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
ACTIVITY - How big is this?
If rs = x10-3m
A US dime has a radius of 8.955x10-3m
Or about 1% greater than the Schwarzchild Radius for the mass of the Earth compressed into a Black Hole
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

18. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
If the Earth has a Schwarzchild Radius rs = x10-3m
This is x108 times smaller in radius
With a density of x1026 times greater
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

19. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Schwarzchild Radius
What happens when we multiply the mass of a matter object, i.e. clay, 2 times?
ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
Note: =
2 small matter objects of rm = 1
2 x Radius = rm
Volume = 2 x
Density = 1 x
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

20. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Schwarzchild Radius
What happens when we multiply mass of a Black Hole 2 times?
ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
Note: =
2 small Black
Holes of rs = 1
2 x Radius =
2 rs
Volume = 8 x
Density = 0.25 x
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

21. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Schwarzchild Radius
What happens when we multiply the mass of a matter object, i.e. clay, 10 times?
ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
Note:
10 small matter
objects of rm = 1
10 x Radius = rm
Volume = 10 x
Density = 1 x
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

22. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Schwarzchild Radius
What happens when we multiply mass of a Black Hole 10 times?
ACTIVITY - look at the above equation
Note:
10 small Black
Holes of rs = 1
10 x Radius =
10 rs
Volume = 1,000 x
Density = 0.01 x
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

23. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
ACTIVITY - Reflections:
Same Matter objects addition rules:
Radius =
Volume =
Density =
Same Black Holes addition rules:
Radius = rs x mass multiplier
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

24. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
ACTIVITY
Simulation via Paper Clips, Balloons, and nanoLight Second Strings:
Same Matter objects addition rules:
Radius = cluster on nls string = rm x (mass multiplier)1/3
Volume = rm x (mass multiplier)
Density = same as rm
Same Black Holes addition rules:
Radius = chain length on nls string = rs x mass multiplier
Volume = discover and discuss
Density = discover and discuss
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

25. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Arthur A. Eddington ( )
In 1919 experimentally verified General Relativity by observing star light curving next to the Sun during a solar eclipse
Thought no Black Holes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

26. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar ( )
Pioneered work on stellar evolution end states
Supernovae
White Dwarfs
Neutron Stars
Black Holes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

27. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Mass is the Defining (final) Word
Still mostly theory … numbers will range
Limit of mass for a White Dwarf 1.35 to 2.1 solar masses (< 1.44)
Neutron Star limits 2-3 solar masses
Any stellar mass > 5 solar masses will become a Black Hole
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

28. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Mass is easily found in the dance
The mass of an object determines if it is a Main Sequence Star, White Dwarf, Neutron Star, or Black Hole
Best way to determine the mass of a star is if it is a part of a binary system
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

29. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
John Wheeler (1911-)
Worked in General Relativity, gravitational collapse, and quantum gravity
Coined the phrase “Black Hole” in 1967
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

30. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Kip Thorn (1940-)
Student of Wheeler
Long time friend and colleague of Stephen Hawking (on-going bets)
Expert on General Relativity, Black Holes, Relativity, Time Travel, Wormholes, and White Holes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

31. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Popular Ideas: Wormholes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

32. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Popular Culture Black Holes and Wormholes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

33. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Wormholes in fiction
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

34. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Wormholes
Wormholes have the problem of the pathways becoming unstable if the Black Hole is rotating
Spatiotemporal frame dragging occurs - this “pinches” off the pathway separating the two ends
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

35. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars
Problem with using a Black Hole / Wormhole (if stable) for getting around the universe is the difficulty of tidal forces and …
the horror of under going “Fractal Spaghettification”
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

36. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

37. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

38. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Black Holes, Wormholes, White Holes, & Quasars and Scale
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

39. Black Holes - the Inside Story: As Cosmic Bull Dozers
Active Galactic Nuclei, i.e., Quasars, or super massive Black Holes at the center of a galaxy may create cavities and voids of extra-galactic material and may move the material for entire clusters of galaxies over billions of years
Shaping the galactic fabric of the Universe on the grandest of scales tens of millions ly across
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

40. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Milky Way Monster?
Does the Milky Way Galaxy have a super massive Black Hole at its center like most galaxies?
Watch the latest evidence - you decide
Remember a compact object > 5 solar masses is a Black Hole!
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

41. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Milky Way Monster!
The video shows ten years of observation and extrapolation by Prof. Ghez of stars at the core of the Milky Way Galaxy orbiting about an object of 4 million solar masses!
Watch SO-2 and SO-16
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

42. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Stephen Hawking (1942-)
One of the greatest minds of our time
Along with Thorne, Hawking has pushed the envelope of our understanding of the Universe via General Relativity & Black Holes
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

43. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Hawking Radiation
Stephen Hawking 1970 predicted micro-Black Holes may exist and could evaporate via to Hawking Radiation
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

44. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Hawking Radiation
Hawking Radiation, if it exists makes micro Black Holes “bright” in radiation of photons and particles
Eventually the micro Black Holes will evaporate in a gamma-ray burst
None found to date
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

45. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas
Jocelyn Bell-Burnell (1943-)
1967 Discovered Pulsars
And thus … Neutron Stars
Solved the LGM-1 mystery
Poster person for “dealing with the men only - good ‘ol boys science club”
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

46. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Discovers Pulsars / Neutron Stars
Crab Nebula with Pulsar / Neutron Star rotating at 30 / seconds
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

47. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Pulsar Lighthouse
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

48. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Neutron Stars - almost there…
Pulsar Jets - Radiation
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

49. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Cygnus X-1, a Binary Stellar Black Hole?
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

50. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Cygnus X-1 diagram
20-35
Solar
Masses
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

51. Black Holes - the Inside Story: 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for a Solar Mass
G = x10-11 m3/kg/s2
ms = x1030 kg
c = x108 m/s
c2 = x1016 m2/s2
rs = x103 m ≈ 3 km
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

52. Black Holes - the Inside Story: 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole Unit
Thus the Schwarzchild Radius rs for a 1.0 Solar Mass Black Hole is…
≈ 3 km
Looking at the equation
We see that to estimate the size of a Black Hole’s Schwarzchild radius or radius of the event horizon, we only need to use mass units in solar masses and multiply by 3km
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

53. Black Holes - the Inside Story: MWG 4 Million Solar Mass BH
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for 4 million SM
m4Msm = 4x106 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar Mass
rs = 1.2x107 km
≈ 40 light seconds
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

54. Black Holes - the Inside Story: MWG 400 Billion Solar Mass BH
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for Milky Way Galaxy
mmwg = 400x109 Solar Masses x 3 km/Solar Mass
rs = 1.2x1012 km
≈ 4.003x106 light seconds
≈ light Years
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

55. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Universe 80 Billion Galaxy Mass BH
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for mass of Universe
mu = 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km
rs = 9.6x1022 km
≈ 3.202x1017 light seconds
≈ 1.015x1010 light Years
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

56. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Universe “Total Mass” Black Hole
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe
Universe thought to be
73% Dark Energy
23% cold Dark Matter
4% Matter (80x109 MWG)
Mutotal = 80x109 MWG x 1.2x1012 km x (≈ 25)
rs = 2.4x1024 km
≈ 8.0x1018 light seconds
≈ 2.5x1011 light Years
Dark Energy
Dark Matter
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

57. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Implications of a Universe “Total Mass” BH
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe
Universe thought to be
73% Dark Energy
23% cold Dark Matter
4% Matter (80x109 MWG)
≈ 2.5x1011 light Years or ≈ 250 Billion light years
If the “comoving” distance to the edge of the visible universe is about 46.5 billion light years ≠age (the age is 13.73±0.12 Billion years)
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

58. Black Holes - the Inside Story: What is it like in a Black Hole?
ACTIVITY - Schwarzchild Radius for entire mass + dark matter + Dark Energy of Universe
IF rs for the entire mass of the universe ≈ 2.5x1011 light Years or ≈ 250 Billion light years
IF the “comoving” distance to the edge of the visible universe is about 46.5 Billion light years…
THEN we are presently within the event horizon of a Black Hole having the mass of the entire Universe with room to spare
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

59. Black Holes - the Inside Story: What is it like in a Black Hole2?
ACTIVITY - Lets try to make sense of all this …
IF rs for the entire mass of the universe ≈ 250 Billion light years
IF the real radius of the visible universe ≈ 46.5 billion light years
THEN we and all we know are presently / actually within the event horizon of a Black Hole
THEN a Universe sized Black Hole does not have a singularity at its core, just look around you
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

60. Black Holes - the Inside Story: The History of Gravity Ideas continues…
Robert E. Strong (1958-)
Modeling wormholes with soap bubbles
Trying to keep up with the fun of it all
Constantly wondering about the “cosmic perspective”
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008

61. Black Holes - the Inside Story: Discussions, Questions, & Sharing
Please feel free to contact us
Note: the Power Point is found at
Presented by:
Robert E. Strong
Elizabeth (Libby) A. Strong
Richard J. Pollack
From: West Liberty State College SMART-Center &
Near Earth Object Foundation
11/19/2018
National Science Teachers Association Conference Westin Boston Waterfront, Boston, MA, March 29, 2008