1. Motivation & Emotion http://elitedaily
Physical Factors

2. Motivation: what drives us to seek a specific goal
Emotion: state of the body that causes feelings
Varies according to how we view a situation
Fear, hope, love…
Physiological & psychological factors involved in Motivation & Emotion

3. 4/3/17 SWBAT
Define and discuss parts of the Body involved in Motivation & Emotion
Identify & Discuss Aaron Ralston’s motivation to live and belong
Define and Discuss Motivational Forces and motivational theory:
Instinct theory
Drive Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

4. Parts of Body Involved in Motivation & Emotion
Hypothalamus: part of lower brain that controls basic needs and desires; pleasure, pain, fear, rage, hunger, thirst, and sex
Amygdala: brain structure responsible for emotional responses of aggression & fear
Can regulate fear and cause us to feel afraid all by itself
Destroy amygdala=destruction of fear ???

5. Reticular Formation
Unit in brain that registers & controls activity level, increases excitement, & helps generate sleep

6. Pituitary Gland & Adrenal Glands
Pituitary Gland: gland that controls other glands & hormones, as well as producing its own hormone that regulates growth
Adrenal Glands: glands that secrete adrenaline, which stirs up the body, changing breathing, perspiration, heart rate, etc…

7. Gonads Sex glands Testes: male sex glands Ovaries: female sex glands
Androgens: male hormones—control sexual interest in both males & females
Estrogen: hormone that controls female reproductive cycle

8. Motivation
Motivation refers to a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal.
For example, Aron Ralston found the motivation to cut off his own arm when trapped on a cliff in Utah in What motivated him to do this? Hunger? The drive to survive? ( )
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The drive to survive might seem more obvious, but see if students can guess why the drive to reproduce is listed here. Ralston, after thinking he had no way to survive, had a dream of a one-armed man picking up a young boy. Maybe this stirred up his desire to live to be a father someday. [His first child, Leo, was born in 2010.]

9. Motivational Forces
Motivation-need or desire that energizes & directs behavior
Nature— bodily “push”
Nurture— “pulls” from our thought process & culture
Between a Rock & a Hard Place
4 perspectives for viewing motivate behaviors
Instinct theory (replaced now by evolutionary perspective)—genetically predisposed behaviors
Drive-reduction theory—inner pushes &external pulls interact
Arousal theory—finding right level of stimulation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs—some needs take priority over others

10. Instinct & Evolutionary Psychology
Early 20th Century—Charles Darwin’s evolutionary theory grew
Fashionable to classify behaviors as instincts
Self critical— “self-abasement instinct”
Boasting– “self-assertion instinct”
5759 human instincts “named”
Naming a behavior does not explain it
Qualification for instinct
Complex behavior must have a fixed pattern throughout a species & be unlearned
Instinct theory failed to explain most human motives yet the underlying assumption that genes predispose species-typical behavior is as strong as ever!

11. Do Instincts Direct Human Behavior?
An instinct is a fixed (rigid and predictable) pattern of behavior that is not acquired by learning and is likely to be rooted in genes and the body.
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Humans may have a general nesting “instinct,” but the specific behavior is less predictable. The bird can only build one kind of nest, but humans may decorate a baby’s room in a variety of ways, or use this general “instinct” to simply buy and repair a home.
Human “nesting” behavior
Instinctual nesting

12. Instincts  Evolutionary Perspective
Other species have genetically programmed instincts “motivating” their actions.
Do humans?
Human babies show certain reflexes, but in general, our behavior is less prescribed by genetics than other animals.
We may, however, have general patterns of behavior which can be explained as emerging through natural selection.
Instinct theory has given way to evolutionary theory in explaining human behavior.
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13. Drive Reduction Theory
Physiological need creates an aroused state that drives us to reduce need by… eating or drinking
When physiologic need ↑, psychological drive (aroused, motivated state) also ↑
Drive Reduction Theory—Physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis—maintenance of a steady internal state. (staying the same)
body’s temperature regulation system—operates through feedback loop
As temp cools, blood vessels constrict to conserve warmth
We feel driven to put on more clothes or seek warmer environment

14. Drive Reduction We are pushed by our need to reduce drives
We are pulled by incentives (positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior)
When there is both a need & incentive we are strongly driven
For each we can ask:
“How is it pushed by our inborn physiological needs and pulled by incentives in environment”

15. Drives “Push” and Incentives “Pull”
Drives are based on inner needs and can be seen as a force “pushing” from inside of us.
Incentives are external stimuli that either appeal to our needs or trigger our aversive feelings, and can be used to “pull” us in our actions.
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For example:
we have a drive to have food, or money we can exchange for food.
employers can use the prospect of a raise in (or elimination of) salary as an incentive for us to follow employer goals and policies.

16. Optimum Arousal Some motivated behaviors ↑ arousal Curiosity
Well fed animals leave shelter to explore & gain information
This happens in the absence of any need-based drive
Curiosity
drives monkeys to monkey around trying to figure out how to unlock a latch
Drives 9 month old infant to investigate every accessible corner of the house

17. Curiosity

18. We are “infovores”—neuroscientist Irving Biederman & Edward Vessel
Curiosity…drove George Mallory to climb Mount Everest…why? … “because it is there”
Those who enjoy high arousal are likely to seek out intense music, novel foods and risky behavior
Human motivation aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels
Having our biological needs satisfied, we feel driven to experience stimulation and we hunger for information
We are “infovores”—neuroscientist Irving Biederman & Edward Vessel
Lacking stimulation we feel bored & look for a way to ↑arousal
Too much stimulation=stress…then we seek a way to ↓ arousal
Mallory attempts to climb North Face of Mt. Everest in 1924
His body was discovered in May 1999

19. Hierarchy of Needs/Motives
In 1943, Abraham Maslow proposed that humans strive to ensure that basic needs are satisfied before they find motivation to pursue goals that are higher on this hierarchy.
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20. The Hypothalamus and Hunger
Receptors throughout the digestive system monitor levels of glucose and send signals to the hypothalamus in the brain.
The hypothalamus then can send out appetite-stimulating hormones, and later, after eating, appetite-suppressing hormones.
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21. How much do we eat? Eating depends in part on situational influences.
Social facilitation: the presence of others accentuates our typical eating habits
Unit bias: we may eat only one serving/unit (scoop, plateful, bun-full) of food, but will eat more if the serving size is larger
Buffet effect: we eat more if more options are available
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Instructor: the buffet effect (not an official term; I just made it up here) can be explained in evolutionary terms. See if students can guess or recall from the reading that our ancestors stored fat and nutrients during bountiful times, when more variety was available. For example, humans prepared for possible winter famines in early fall when more kinds of plants were bearing fruit and animals were storing fat.

22. Hormones and Sexual Motivation
Sexual motivation may have evolved to enable creatures to pass on their genes. Sexual desire and response is not as tied to hormone levels in humans as it is in animals.
During ovulation, women show a rise in estrogen and also in testosterone.
As this happens, sexual desire rises in women and also in the men around them (whose testosterone level rises).
Low levels of testosterone can reduce sexual motivation.
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23. Psychological Motivation
Once basic needs are met we direct our energies toward psychologically satisfying activities
Examples of Psychological motives
Need for affiliation: psychological need to belong to and identify with groups “joiner”
Need for approval: those who are willing do to do almost anything to get others people to like them—even people they don’t know
Need for achievement: Psychological need for personal accomplishment—desire to meet internalized standards of excellence.

24. Why do we have a need to belong?
Evolutionary psychology perspective: seeking bonds with others aids survival in many ways
Keeping children close to caregivers
Mutual protection in a group
Cooperation in hunting and sharing food
Division of labor to allow growing food
Emotional support to get through crises
Why do we have a need to belong?
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25. The Need to Belong Leads to:
loyalty to friends, teams, groups, and families.
However, the need to belong also leads to:
changing our appearance to win acceptance.
staying in abusive relationships.
joining gangs, nationalist groups, and violent organizations.
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Abusive relationships typically undermine our autonomy and our sense of self-efficacy/competence. Ironically, this makes us less likely to leave an abusive relationship.

26. Emotions Emotions are part of our physical survival system
w/o anger and fear we could not protect ourselves
however, humans often express themselves in a social & symbolic context.
Rioters destroy police cars b/c the cars are a symbol of authority, not because they pose an immediate life-threatening danger
How many human emotions do we have and how they differ???? i.e. anger and frustration
World wide emotions
Joy, fear, anger, surprise, disgust, contempt and sadness…then culture determines emotions and expressions

28. Facial Expression & Emotion
44 separate muscles in face
4 used for chewing
40 devoted to facial expression
No other species has such capacity for making faces!!!
Ones facial expression serves to communicate & influence behavior of others
Expression also helps one experience emotion

29. Opponent-Process theory Richard Solomon
The presence of one emotion triggers its opposite, which then emerges somewhat later.
Not unusual to feel depressed slightly after a period of joy or high excitement
Can be applied to addictive behavior
Can also explain the psycho-pathological behavior in non-suicidal self injury

30. Cognition & Emotion
Cognition=higher-order thought processes, such as reasoning and problem solving
Involved in emotions we feel
When people in one group are led to believe they will experience pain they become more anxious than another group told that they will not be hurt
When receiving a minor shock they will over estimate how agonizing it is…just from the expectation
The sensation of falling forward or backward can cause immediate panic…but if we label it as fun…we react differently

31. Cognition & Emotion Fun or Fear? You decide
We use situational cues to determine what emotion we should be feeling
Emotional state can affect how we view ourselves & our world

32. Emotional Intelligence
Ability to properly feel, deal with , and recognize emotions

33. Three Theories of Emotions
James-Lange Theory
Something Happens ↓
Body Reacts
Emotion produced
In a near accident we respond physically first, by reflex then later, we feel panic
Cannon-Bard Theory
Something happens
Body reacts & emotion produced (at the same time)
Thalamus can instantly transmit messages
Schachter’s Cognitive Theory
We think about what happened & label it
Adrenaline experiment