1. PLEURAL LESIONS LESIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT
By: Shefaa’ Qa’qa’

2. PLEURAL LESIONS

3. Pleural effusion:
Transudate/ hydrothorax: CHF
Exudate (protein >2.9gm/dL / inflammatory cells):
Suppurative pleuritis/empyema
Cancer---- hemorrhagic pleuritis
Pulmonary infarction
Viral pleuritis
SLE, rheumatoid arthritis
Uremia
Previous thoracic surgery

4. Pneumothorax ----- Air/gas in the pleural sac
Spontaneous pneumothorax
Secondary pneumothorax
Emphysema
lung abscess
Tuberculosis
Carcinoma
Fractured rib
Mechanical ventilatory support
Tension pneumothorax/ one-way valve shock

9. Hemothorax---- ruptured intrathoracic aortic aneurysm
Chylothorax---- lymphatic fluid/obstruction of the major lymph ducts

10. Malignant Mesothelioma:
cancer of mesothelial cells
parietal or visceral pleura
peritoneum
Pericardium
asbestos

12. LESIONS OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

13. common cold ------ rhinoviruses
Acute pharyngitis -----
β-hemolytic streptococcal RF, GN
EBV IM
Acute bacterial epiglottitis H. influenzae
Croup laryngotracheobronchitis/ parainfluenza virus/inspiratory stridor

14. Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma:
EBV
Chinese
keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma, nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinoma,
undifferentiated carcinoma/lymphoepitheliomas
radiosensitive

15. Laryngeal Tumors:
Vocal cord nodules--- heavy smokers/singers

18. Laryngeal papilloma:
squamous papilloma
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP):
Multiple
Children
HPV

21. Carcinoma of the Larynx:
Smokers
Alcohol
HPV
Asbestos
Squamous cell carcinomas hoarseness
glottic tumors: 60% to 75%, 90% of glottic tumors are confined to the larynx at diagnosis???
supraglottic: 25% to 40%
Subglottic: less than 5%

22. Rhinitis
Nasal Polyps
Sinonasal (Schneiderian) Papilloma