1. Physical Setting
Finding Your Way

2. Finding Our Way Key Terms Lines of Latitude Physical Features
Lines of Longitude Cultural Features
Coordinates Topographic Map
Absolute Location Small-Scale Map
Relative Location Large-Scale Map
Global Positioning System

3. Latitude and Longitude
Canada is located in the North-Western Hemisphere
Latitude will always be North (North of the Equator)
Longitude will always be West (West of the Prime Meridian)
Ie: Labrador West is 53oN 66oW
Grid of Canada (Latitude & Longitude)

4. Understanding Latitude and Longitude
Lines of latitude and lines longitude cross one another.
They form a grid system around the earth.
Just like your grid maps that you created of your room at home, lines on globes and maps provide information that can help you easily locate places on the earth too.

5. Latitude Lines of latitude are also called parallels.
They circle the earth parallel to the Equator.
They measure north and south of equator in degrees.
The Equator is at 0° latitude.
The North Pole is at
90°N (north).
Maps101.com

6. Longitude Lines of longitude are also called meridians.
They circle the earth from Pole to Pole.
They measure east and west of the starting line, at 0° longitude or the Prime Meridian.
Maps101.com

7. Absolute Location
Only one place can be found at the point where lines cross one another.
Use degrees (°) and minutes (’) to give an exact spot where one line of latitude crosses one line of longitude – an absolute location.
The grid system formed by lines of latitude and longitude makes it easy to find the absolute location of any place in the world.

8. Hemispheres The equator circles the middle of the Earth.
It divides the earth into hemispheres or “half-spheres.”
North of the equator is the Northern Hemisphere.
South of the equator is the Southern Hemisphere.

9. Maps101.com

10. Hemispheres The Prime Meridian runs from north to south.
It divides the earth into half spheres in the other direction.
East of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees is the Eastern Hemisphere.
West of the Prime Meridian for 180 degrees is the Western Hemisphere.

11. Maps101.com

12. Using Latitude and Longitude
Use the information provided on your notes to answer the questions.

13. Review your answers
10. The location of is 15°N latitude and 150°W longitude.
11. The location of is 45°N latitude and 90°W longitude.
12. The location of is 15°S latitude and 60°W longitude.
13. The location of is 0° latitude and 150°E longitude.
14. The location of is 30°N latitude and 60°E longitude.
15. The location of is 60°N latitude and 0° longitude.
16. The location of is 45°S latitude and 90°E longitude.

14. Latitude and Longitude are not only measured in degrees, they are also measured in minutes – to give a more accurate measurement.
Each degree of longitude or Latitude consists of exactly 60 minutes (‘).
When trying to calculate the minutes – we use a guesstimate. If you broke the degree down into 60 pieces, what would it be closer to.
Ie: Labrador City is located Latitude: 53° 54', N. Longitude: 66° 50', W
By using minutes you can find the precise location on a map.

15. “Fun” With Absolute and relative Location...
The Location of New Germany Rural High School is 44.54N 64.72W
Go to and pick a location around New Germany area and get it’s absolute location, then give relative location of it, read the coordinates to a friend, and then give the relative location and see if your friend can figure it out!

16. Global Positioning System
What are the many uses of a GPS?
How many GPS’s are used in the location of an object or a person?
Where are the GPS’s located?
When giving the location are they using relative location or absolute location?
In what type of objects can we find GPS’s?

17. Topographic Maps/ 4 Grid/ 6 Grid
May give physical features
May give cultural features
May give elevation or height of the land

18. An Introduction to Geography
Direction and Scale
An Introduction to Geography

19. Contents The key concepts covered are: Place, Space, Scale
Describing direction
Using scale
Summary activities
Contents
The key concepts covered are:
Place, Space, Scale

20. Describing direction Describing direction
By the end of this section, you will:
Use a four- and eight-point compass to describe direction.
Label the points of the compass.

21. Finding your way How can you know which way to go?
To get to a destination, we must know the correct direction to take.
Signposts point us in certain directions, but how can we describe a direction without using signposts or pointing?
We could use the points of the compass to explain the way.

22. Compass points and direction
How can we remember the four points of the compass?
North
West
East
South
A catchy phrase helps:
‘Never Eat Shredded Wheat’
‘Naughty Elephants Squirt Water’
Can you think of your own slogan?

23. Eight-point compass
In addition to the four main points of the compass there are four additional points that help describe directions more accurately. N
North-west
North-east W E
South-west
South-east S
How are the points of an eight-point compass used to describe direction?

24. Labelling a compass
Worksheet: The worksheet Compass accompanies this slide.

25. Where is it?
We can use the eight points of the compass to explain which direction we would have to move in to reach a certain place.
Imagining that you are at the crossroads, use the compass points to describe where the objects in the map are. N N W E S
Which direction is the bridge?
Which direction is the church?

26. Which direction?

27. Using scale Using scale By the end of this section, you will:
Understand and use scales to calculate distances on maps and on the ground.
Use scale lines to estimate distances on maps.
Convert representative scales into more easily used forms like cm : km.

28. When do you use a scale?
Anyone who has ever used a map to find their way will know the importance of a scale.
Knowing which direction to travel in is only part of using a map.
To know how far it is to your destination, you need to use a map’s scale.
What do we mean by the term scale?

29. What is a scale?
Scale is the ratio of the size of objects on a map compared to their size in the real world.
4 cm:1 km
For example on a map with the scale 4 cm : 1 km, four centimetres on the map represents one kilometre in the real world.

30. How do you use the scale on a map?
Any method of estimating distance on a map requires the use of a scale.
On this map each grid box is 4 cm wide and long.
Using the scale, we know each grid box represents 1 km in distance on the ground.
How far is it from A to B if each grid square is 1 km? A B
scale of this map:
4 cm : 1 km
A to B is a distance of 4 km.

31. Map measuring
It is more difficult to estimate the distance between two points if they are on a diagonal. X
What is the distance between X and Y? Y
Using a ruler, measure the distance between the two points.
This distance is 12 cm on the map.
How far is it between X and Y in real life?

32. Calculating distance using a scale
The scale on the map is 4 cm : 1 km which means that: X Y
4 cm : 1 km
8 cm : 2 km
12 cm : 3 km
16 cm : 4 km
If the distance on the map is 12 cm, how many kilometres is it in real life?

33. Measuring and calculating with scale
Worksheet: The worksheet Map Measuring accompanies this slide.

34. Scale lines
We can also show scale on a map by using a scale line like this one:
1km
The scale line on this map shows how far 1 km on the ground appears to be on the map.
This line can then be used to estimate distance on the ground.
1km

35. Using scale lines
Using the scale line, estimate answers to these questions about distances on the map.
How far is it between A and B? A B C
1 km
How far is it between B and C?
1.5 km
1km

36. Difficult scales
Many maps do not display a scale that converts centimetres into kilometres for us.
What does the scale 1: 25,000 mean?
1: 25,000 is a representative scale. It tells us that every one unit of distance on the map is actually the size of 25,000 of those units in real life.
1:25,000
For example, 1 cm on the map would represent 25,000 cm on the ground.
But how far is 25,000 cm?

37. Converting scales
How can 1: 25,000 be converted to an easy-to-understand scale?
Find out how many kilometres are in 25,000 cm:
First, to convert centimetres to metres, divide by 100:
25,000 ÷ 100 = 250 m
Second, to convert metres to kilometres, divide by 1000:
Teacher’s note: Use this calculator to complete the calculations.
250 ÷ 1000 = 0.25 km
1 : 25,000 is the equivalent of 1 cm : 0.25 km or 4 cm : 1 km

38. Using scales Measure the distance on the map with a ruler.
How can 1: 25,000 be used to find out the actual distance between
X and Y on this map? X Y
Measure the distance on the map with a ruler.
Use the scale to find out the distance in real life:
12 × 25,000 = 300,000 cm
To convert 300,000 cm to metres and then kilometres, divide by 100 and then divide again by 1000:
300,000 ÷ 100 ÷ 1000 = 3 km
X to Y is 3 km

39. Matching scales

40. Summary activities Summary activities
By the end of this section, you will:
Use scale and direction to follow and plan routes.
Revise definitions of key terms.

41. Hunt treasure with direction and scale

42. Summary quiz

43. Glossary

44. Anagrams

45. 4 Pt. Grid References

46. Six-figure grid references

47. Here is one square from a map.
What do you think these symbols Stand for?? 26 25 77 78

48. The four-figure grid reference for this square is 772526
Lines meet at bottom left. 25 77 78

49. In order to give something a six-figure grid reference, imagine the larger square split into one hundred smaller squares. 26 25 77 78

50. Then add numbers 1 to 10 between the main lines.26 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78

51. To work out the six-figure grid reference, first go along the bottom line and calculate the first three figures. 26 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78

52. The church’s first three figures are ......
773 26 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78
773

53. 26 25 77 78 Next, work out the last three figures
by going up the side of the square. 26 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78
773

54. The last three figures are ......
253 26 9 8 7 6 5 4
253 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78
773

55. So, the six-figure grid reference for the church is .....
773253 26 9 8 7 6 5 4
253 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78
773

56. What is the six-figure grid reference for the bus station?26 9
258 8 7 6
777258 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78
777

57. What is the six-figure grid reference for the picnic area?26 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 25 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 77 78

58. 26 P 25 77 78 There are no lines in the squares on a real OS map!
You have to estimate. What is the grid reference for parking? 26
Do you agree with me? P
I think it’s 25 77 78

59. Can’t remember which lines to use first? Try to remember this phrase:
‘Go along the corridor,
then up the stairs’.
c. R. Langley

60. Time Zones were created by Canadian scientist, Sir Sanford Fleming in 1879, adopted in 1884 at the International Prime Meridian Conference.
There are 24 time zones, one for each 15 degrees of longitude.
Questions: page 23 #’s 2 - 4
Time Zone Assignment
Canada has 6 different time zones…
Newfoundland (Island and South East coast of Labrador)
Atlantic (Labrador, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island)
Eastern (Quebec, Most of Ontario)
Central (Western Ontario, Manitoba, Most of Saskatchewan)
Mountain (North Western Saskatchewan, Alberta, Part of British Columbia)
Pacific (Most of British Columbia)