1. I CAN: Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power
Explain cultural differences in achievement
Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight
Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex
Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict

2. How Are Achievement, Hunger, and Sex Alike? Different?
No single theory accounts for all forms of motivation, because each motive involves its own mix of biological, mental, behavioral, and social/cultural influences
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

3. Need for Achievement (n Ach)
Mental state that produces a psychological motive to excel or reach some goal
The desire to attain a difficult, but desired, goal
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

4. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Three Types of Needs
Need for Achievement (nAch)
Need for Affiliation (nAff)
the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others.
Need for Power (nPow)
the need to have control or influence over others.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

5. A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Achievement
Individualism View that places a high value on individual achievement and distinction
Common in the Western world…Europe, the U.S.
Collectivism View that values group loyalty and pride over individual distinction
Common in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

6. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Hunger as Motivation
Eating comes naturally
If it was entirely learned, you would probably die starve before learning it
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

7. The Multiple-Systems Approach to hunger
Hunger combines many facts:
--the body’s energy requirements
--food preferences (Sweet/high fat foods)
--environmental food cues
--cultural demands
--social norms
--basic body biology
Example: Your readiness to eat a piece of pizza depends on…
when you last ate
whether you like pizza
the time of day
are your friends encouraging you to have a piece
is it culturally acceptable
are you dieting
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

8. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Set Point
Refers to the tendency of the body to maintain a certain level of body fat and body weight
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

9. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Motivation and Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

10. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Eating Disorders
Bulimia Nervosa
Binge eating followed by purging
Anorexia Nervosa
Inappropriate eating habits
Irrational fear of weight gain
Distorted body perception
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

11. Women’s Body Images 1 – 5 Scale
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

12. The Thinning of Miss America•
Trend in Body Mass Index (BMI) of Miss America Pageant Winners
BMI, kg/m² 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15
Year of Pageant
World Health
Organization’s
cutoff point for
undernutrition (18.5)
Trend line
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

13. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Thirst Drive
Volumetric Thirst
A drop in extracellular fluid levels
(Fluid outside the cells, such as in the blood)
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

14. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
The Thirst Drive
Osmotic Thirst
A drop in intracellular fluid levels
Results from water moving through the cell walls…escaping in the form of sweat, urine, feces, mucus, breath moisture
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

15. Pain
Usually produces a drive to avoid or remove, rather than seek, a stimulus.

16. Sex and Motivation
Sex in NOT a homeostatic drive because it does not return the body to a state of equilibrium
The brain is the major sex organ in humans

17. The Scientific Study of Sexuality
1. Alfred Kinsey: Beginning in 1948, interviewed 17,000 Americans concerning their sexual behavior.
Finding: Certain sexual behaviors thought to be rare were, in fact, common
2. Masters and Johnson s-70s
Brought sex into the laboratory
Sexual Response Cycle
Four-stage sequence of arousal, plateau, orgasm, and resolution occurring in both men and women

18. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Sexual Motivation
Same drives, different attitudes
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

19. Sexual Scripts
Socially learned ways of responding in sexual situations
Both learning and genetics affect our sexual behaviors

20. Motives in Conflict Approach-Approach Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between two equally attractive options
Finishing college and a full-time job offer
Easiest conflict to resolve
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

21. Motives in Conflict Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which there are both appealing and negative aspects to the decision to be made
Going out to a party, knowing that you will be grounded for being at the party.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

22. Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
Motives in Conflict
Avoidance-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between two equally unattractive options
You intensely hate your job, but fear the reality of unemployment if you quit
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

23. Motives in Conflict Multiple Approach-Avoidance Conflict
A conflict in which one must choose between options that have both many attractive and many negative aspects
Go to the Party
Get grounded
Don’t study for a test
…fail it
Do something stupid that
you’ll regret
Go to the Party
Meet friends
Have a good time
Aren’t alone
Aren’t bored
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

24. The Origins of Sexual Orientation
Heterosexuality
Homosexuality
Several theories about orientation…testosterone levels and parenting do not contribute
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

25. The Origins of Sexual Orientation
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007

26. CAN I? Explain need for achievement, affiliation, power
Explain cultural differences in achievement
Explain weight trends and cultural influences involving hunger/weight
Describe the contributions of Alfred Kinsey and Master’s and Johnson in the study of sex
Distinguish the 4 motives in conflict