1. Resistance
Lesson 8
November 16th, 2010

2. Resistance
The degree to which a substance opposes the flow of electric current through it.
All substances resist electron flow to some extent.

3. Resistance
Conductors, such as metals, allow electrons to flow freely through them and have low resistance values.
Insulators resist electron flow greatly and have high resistance values.

4. Resistance Resistance is measured in ohms (Ω) using an ohmmeter.
An ohmmeter is a device for measuring resistance.

5. Resistance
When a substance resists the flow of electrons, it slows down the current and converts the electrical energy into other forms of energy.
The more resistance a substance has, the more energy gained by the substance is radiated to its surroundings as heat and/or light energy

6. Resistance in a Circuit
A resistor is any material that can slow current flow.
In a light bulb, the filament’s high resistance to the electron’s electrical energy causes it to heat up and produce light.

7. Resistors and Potential Difference
Resistors can be used to control current or potential difference in a circuit.
In a circuit, electrons have a higher potential difference as they enter a resistor compared to when they leave the resistor because they use up some energy in passing through the resistor.

8. Example:
Imagine electrons entering a resistor as being at the high end of a ramp, where they have a lot of potential energy. In this analogy, electrons leaving the resistor are at the bottom end of the ramp, where their potential energy has been converted to another form of energy

9. Types of Resistors
Resistors can be made with a number of techniques and materials
The two most common types are wire-wound and carbon-composition.

10. wire-wound resistor
A wire-wound resistor has a wire made of heat- resistant metal wrapped around an insulating core. The longer and thinner the wire, the higher the resistance. They are available with values from 0.1Ω up to 200 k Ω

11. Carbon-composition resistors
Carbon-composition resistors are made of carbon mixed with other materials. The carbon mixture is moulded into a cylinder with a wire at each end. By varying the size and composition of the cylinder, manufacturers produce resistances from 10 Ω to 20 M Ω. Moulded carbon resistors are cheaper to make than wire-wound resistors but less precise.

12. Resistance in a Wire –comparing water to electricity
Longer thinner pipes have more resistance to the flow of water than pipes with a larger diameter.
The same idea applies to electricity.
The more resistance that you have in a circuit, the more it will decrease current at a given potential difference.

13. Larger, shorter wires provide less resistance for electrons to travel.
Temperature and material can also affect resistance.

14. Factors that Affect the Resistance of a Wire
How Factor Affects Resistance
Material
Silver has the least resistance but very expensive to use in wires. Most Conducting wires are made from copper

15. Factors that Affect the Resistance of a Wire
How Factor Affects Resistance
Temperature
As the temperature of the wire increases, its resistance increases and its conductivity decreases. In other words, a colder wire is less resistant than a warmer wire.

16. Factors that Affect the Resistance of a Wire
How Factor Affects Resistance
Length
Longer wires offer more resistance than shorter wires. If the wire doubles in length, it doubles in resistance

17. Factors that Affect the Resistance of a Wire
How Factor Affects Resistance
Cross-sectional Area
Wider wires offer less resistance than thinner wires. If the wire doubles in width, its resistance is half as great. Conducting wires that carry large currents need large diameters to lessen their resistance.

18. Modelling Potential Difference, Current, and Resistance - LAB
Water in a pipe can be a relatively good model for us to understand electricity in a wire.
Wires 
A relatively wide pipe completely filled with water is equivalent to a piece of wire. When comparing to a piece of wire, the pipe should be thought of as having semi- permanent caps on the ends. Connecting one end of a wire to a circuit is equivalent to forcibly un-capping one end of the pipe and attaching it to another pipe. With few exceptions, a wire with only one end attached to a circuit will do nothing; the pipe remains capped on the free end, and thus adds nothing to the circuit.

19. Modelling Potential Difference, Current, and Resistance - LAB
Voltage 
Instead of a difference electrical energy between two points it can be thought of as the difference in pressure between two points. In this lab, the water pressure in the tube will decrease on the open side of the tube if fingers are used to pinch the tube to slow down the rate of flow.
Current 
Equivalent to a hydraulic volume flow rate; that is, the volumetric quantity of flowing water over time. Usually measured in amperes

20. Purpose
To model interactions among potential difference, current, and resistance using water flowing in a hose
Materials & Equipment
 50-cm or longer length of rubber tubing
 water tap and sink or bucke
 1000-mL beaker or bucket
 stopwatch

21. DO NOT Spray each other with water.
Hand in the lab when done.