1. History & Citizenship 304
2016 Final Exam Review

2. First Nations 1. How did they first arrive?
According to the most widespread hypothesis, it was possible to cross the Bering Straight during the last glacier period, approximately years ago. They were following the migration of animals.

3. The First Nations: 2. Algonquian Lifestyle
Less structured political system: clans.
Nomadic lifestyle: moved regularly, going from one hunting ground to another.
Patriarchal society: family line and any possessions are handed down from father to son.
Primary source of food: Hunting (following the migration of game).
Above: wigwam

4. The First Nations: 3. Iroquois Lifestyle
Highly structured political system
Sedentary lifestyle: remain in the same place for a long period of time.
Matriarchal society: family ties, communication within the clan and worldly goods, pass down from Mother to daughter.
Primary source of food: Agriculture (beans, squash & corn).
Above: Longhouse

5. The First Nations: 4. European & Native Influences
What items did the natives give the Europeans?
Furs
Homemade remedies
Snowshoes
Toboggans
Tobacco
What items did the Europeans give the Natives?
Rifles
Axes
Alcohol
Woollen blankets
Christianity
Disease

6. New France: 1. They came for the fish and stayed for the fur!
France handed the responsibility for settling and developing New France over to the trading companies; this allowed them to have privileges:
French companies were granted monopolies and special privileges by the French government.
Natives were supplying the merchandise. They would trade furs for goods, such as weapons and household items.

7. The Father of New France!
Samuel De Champlain
It is I…
The Father of New France!

8. New France: 2. Samuel de Champlain
Believed that New France would be a viable colony, due to its rich, natural resources.
Established Quebec in 1608.
This marked the beginning of the French Regime (when France dominated New France)
Champlain’s Fort in Quebec (l’habitation):
Built in 1608, the Quebec City settlement was the first building to provide permanent shelter for the French in Canada.

9. New France: 3. The Theory of Mercantilism
European rulers considered the power of a country to be based on the quantity of gold and silver owned.
In order to gain this power, it was important to export a lot of goods and import little.
According to this theory, the role of the colony was to:
Supply raw materials (fur) to the mother country
Buy finished products (hats) from the mother country

10. 4. Why did the King finance the development of the colonies?
Natural Resources
(Especially FUR TRADE!) =

11. New France: 5. Company of 100 Associates
Were created to:
Settle New France: Had an obligation to settle colonists in New France (4000 Catholic colonists in 15 years)
Evangelize the Aboriginals
To exploit the natural resources (mainly fur)
Were granted a monopoly over the fur trade
Objective was to develop New France

12. 6. What caused the population of New France to be so low?
The company of 100 associates was too preoccupied with the fur trade to fulfill their duties (to populate New France)
Very few women were settled in New France (Low birth rate)

13. Jean Talon: New France’s First Intendant
In order to increases New France’s population, Jean Talon focused on:
1. Measure for immigration (offered soldiers $ and land to settle)
2. The Birth Rate (Les Filles du Roi)

14. 7. New France: Missionaries
Religious groups set out to evangelize groups, such as the Natives.
Missions were set up throughout New France.
Missionaries were members of these religious groups; there job was to convert people to the Catholic religion.

15. 8 & 9. The Royal Government
As of 1663, Louis XIV decided to place New France under his direct authority.
He introduced the same model of government in his colony that was in effect in the provinces of France.
*See diagram at left.

16. 10. New France: Seigneurial System
A type of social organization in which a seigneur distributed land to peasants, the censitaires, in exchange for dues.
Its purpose was to settle the land and organize the territory.

17. 1. Change of Empire 1763 – 1774 (The difference between New France and the 13 Colonies)
Thirteen Colonies
Population
Approx.
inhabitants
inhabitants
Territory
Very Large
Small
Economy
- Based primarely on fur trade.
-Dependent on France
Diversified (agriculture, livestock, woods, fur trade, etc.)
Political Structure
Unified
Thirteen independent political systems
Military Strength
Approx men and 38 ships
Approx men and 116 ships.

18. 2. Change of Empire: The Seven Years War (The War of the Conquest) The Causes:
Both France and Britain wanted to have the most powerful Empires in the world. Therefore, both tried to seize each other’s colonies in order to weaken trading capacity. This started the 7 years war; Britain eventually won this war, capturing Quebec in 1759, and Montreal in 1760.

19. 3. France’s colonial Policy
France focused it’s efforts on conquering Europe. They stopped sending ammunition, soldiers and supplies to help the colony.
New France lost because they had a small military & population that were trying to defend a large piece of land.

20. 4. The Treaty of Paris
Treaty of Paris (1763): Ends the seven years war. All French territory passes to the British (exception: the islands of St-Pierre & Miquelon)

21. 5 & 6 Change of Empire: The Royal Proclamation (1763)
Created the Province of Quebec
Goal = assimilation
No more tithe
No new Bishop allowed
No more seigneurial system
Creation of British political structure:
protestant schools and religion encouraged
English legal system introduced
# 6. Shrinks territory of the French.

22. 7. Change of Empire: Problems in the 13 colonies
The American Revolution: The thirteen colonies declare war in 1776 due to high taxes and trade restrictions (they didn’t get the land in Ohio Valley).
“No taxation without representation” : During the American Revolution, the people protested and shouted out this phrase.

23. 8 & 9 Change of Empire: The Quebec Act (1774)
# 8. Quebec Act was a bribe offered to Quebec to keep the colony loyal during the American Revolution
The goal = accommodation of the French people.
It officially restores French civil law
It restores the tithe
It restores the Seigneurial System
The Government remains unchanged in its structure
# 9. It increases the size of Quebec to include the Great Lakes and Ohio valley (this angers the people in the 13 colonies)

24. British Rule from 1791- 1840. 1. Who were the Loyalists?
Loyalists: People that remained loyal to the British crown and who refused to support the independence of the Thirteen Colonies.

25. British Rule from 1791- 1840 2. What was the legislative assembly?
Propose motions of law
Voted on motions proposed by legislative council.
Voted on taxes required to run the colony.
Composed of: At least 50 representatives in each Canada, elected by the population for a 4 year term.
We are a collection of people elected by a part of the population in order to represent it in government.

26. British Rule from
# 3. Constitutional Act (1791) was created as a response to the arrival of the Loyalists fleeing the newly created United States. Divides Quebec into:
Upper Canada: English speaking, present day southern Ontario.
Land distribution = Township system
Lower Canada: French speaking, present day Quebec (St. Lawrence Valley) & Labrador
Land distribution = Seigneurial system and Township system

27. British Rule from 1791- 1840 # 4. What did the C. Act do?
The Constitutional Act put a Representative Government in place.
Representative Government: A parliamentary system with a legislative Assembly for both Upper and Lower Canada.
Governor: Leader of the government, could dissolve the assembly at his discretion, had the power to veto (the rejection of the passage of a bill into a law & was the leader of the colony’s military.

28. This structure was unfair because:
British Rule from # 5. Why were representatives upset by the political structure of the C. Act?
The Structure of Representative Government under the Constitutional Act of 1791
This structure was unfair because:
The governor had the power to veto.
The executive and legislative council were appointed and not elected.

29. British Rule from 1791- 1840 # 7. Partie Canadien/Partie Patriote:
They set themselves up as spokespersons for the “Canadien nation” and demanded rights for the Canadiens. They were upset that the political system was not democratic and they wanted more rights for the French people.
# Resolutions:
List of demands submitted to London by Papineau & Partie Patriote demanding more influence for the French, a responsible government, control of finance by the legislative council & abolition of Governor’s veto power.
This was rejected by 10 Resolutions from London (Russell Resolutions).

30. #8. The Professional Bourgeoisie
They were the French-Canadian middle class; including merchants, industrialists, and professional people (doctors, lawyers, notaries, etc).
Reacted to the arrival of the loyalists by forming a political party to run against their English counterpart for seats in the legislative assembly (Parti Canadien)

31. British Rule from 1791- 1840 (No question here...but you should know!)
Louis Joseph Papineau: member of the Legislative Assembly, was a true defender of French Canadian interests. Leader of the Partie Canadien (later became Partie Patriote), he demanded a more democratic political system.
Russell Resolutions: 10 resolutions in response to the Partie Patriotes’ 92 Resolutions but also authorized the colonial administration to take money from the Legislative Assembly’s subsidies. Feelings grew more bitter, and some Canadien members began to consider taking more violent action to achieve their goals.

32. # 9. What was the result of the Rebellions?
British Rule from
# 9. What was the result of the Rebellions?
The Rebellions: Both
upper and lower Canada
want a more responsible
government.
Unsuccessful, Papineau &
Makenzie flee to the
States. Three battles occur.
The Patriotes lose.
This results in
Durham Report, which
calls for unification of 2
Canadas to reduce power
of French.

33. # 10. What did Lord Durham recommend?
British Rule from
# 10. What did Lord Durham recommend?
Lord Durham: British government asked the new governor of Lower Canada, Lord Durham, to investigate the problems and to propose solutions. In his 1839 report, Durham underlined 2 major problems that he felt had led to rebellions:
1. He recommended granting them the system of ministerial responsibility (responsible government) they demanded.
2. He concluded that the best solution to the political conflicts, would be to unite the 2 Canadas and assimilate the French.

34. 11. What did the Act of Union do?
British Rule from
11. What did the Act of Union do?
The Act of Union (1840):
It merged the 2 Canadas, but did not grant responsible government.
Canada East and Canada West are created into the United Province of Canada. (42 reps from each)

35. British Rule from
The system of representative government under the Act of Union

36. British Rule from 1791- 1840 # 12. What is Responsible Government?
Responsible government occurs when members of the members of the Executive Council are responsible to the elected Legislative Assembly.
The governor did not have veto power.
Responsible Government happened gradually from through an alliance of politicians such as Robert Baldwin and L-H Lafontaine.

37. Formation of Canada: 1850-
# 1. What were some of the problems going on in the North American colonies in the 1850s?
Economic Problems: End of the Reciprocity Treaty with the USA. The colony would lose its main export market. And, growing debt due to the construction of the railway.
Political Problems: unstable governments. Between 1854 and 1864 there were 10 minority governments.
Military Problems: Manifest Destiny- threat of American invasion (Americans believed that they should control all of North America).

38. #2. Which were the first 4 provinces to join Confederation?
Quebec
Ontario
Nova Scotia
New Brunswick

39. # 3. What were the results of the creation of the BNA Act?
Went into effect of July 1, 1867
Created the Dominion of Canada
It created a federal system, which divided power between two levels of government – the federal government and the provincial governments.
It did not make Canada a sovereign/independent state. Canada had internal autonomy to make its decisions within the country. But, Great Britain controlled foreign policy and had the power to amend (modify) the Constitution.

40. # 4. Who was Louis Riel?
He was a prominent Metis leader during Canada's early years. He led a group of Metis in a struggle for their rights.
Rebelled, along with other Metis people, against the federal government that was giving settlers plots of land in their territory.

41. # 4. What conflicts did Louis Riel have with the Federal government?
Established a provisional government where he was the leader. The federal government did not recognize this and Riel was forced into exile to the US.
Riel fought for the rights of the Metis. They did not want to give their land to the Canadian government.
Riel was sentenced to death for high treason.

42. # 5. MacDonald’s National Policy
Designed to promote national unity & economic prosperity by:
Increasing trade tariffs: which would make foreign products more expensive, thereby encouraging Canadian industries.
Building railways: would facilitate trade, which would stimulate industrialization. And, it would open up the west.
Encouraging immigration: Would increase the population and settle the West. By increasing the population, it would create a larger market. Thereby, stimulating industrialization.

43. # 6. What were the main results of the Industrial Revolution in Quebec?
Lots of jobs were available
Women and children went to work in factories
Urbanization: people left the rural areas to move to the cities in search of work
Trade unions were created

44. # 7. Difference between First & Second Phase of Industrialization?
Second phase was about exploiting natural resources. And, the development of the outlying regions.
First Phase
Second Phase
Dates
Late 19th C ( )
Early 20thC ( )
Types of Industries
Textiles/Food
Oil/metal/pulp & paper
Energy
Steam/coal
Hydroelectricity
Owners
Local entrepreneurs
(source of capital was mainly British)
US investors/large corporation
Main markets
Canada
USA/Foreign markets

45. World War 1 occurred between July 1914 and November 11, 1918.
WW1
World War 1 occurred between July 1914 and November 11, 1918.

46. # 8. Causes of WW1 1. Alliances 2. Imperialism 3. Militarism
4. Nationalism
5. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

47. Immediate Cause of WW1 Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
This made the aforementioned items come into play (alliances, imperialism, militarism, nationalism) was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.
In June 1914, a Serbian nationalist assassinated him and his wife. This was in protest to Austria-Hungary having control of this region. This assassination led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia.
When Russia began to mobilize due to its alliance with Serbia, Germany declared war on Russia. Thus began the expansion of the war to include all those involved in the mutual defense alliances.

48. # 9. Why did Canadians participate in WW1?
Since, Great Britain controlled Canada’s foreign policy, when Great Britain declared war on Germany, Canada was automatically involved in the war.
In 1931 the Statute of Westminster was passed, which gave Canada more autonomy from Great Britain and Canada then controlled its foreign policy.

49. # 10. The role of women in WW1 & WW2
Women worked in ammunition factories.
Women got the right to vote in federal elections in 1919.
Women in Quebec got the right to vote in provincial elections in 1940.

50. # 11. Conscription Crisis
In July 1917, the federal government adopted conscription, which is the compulsory enlistment of able-bodied men. They were required to go to war.
In favour: the Imperialists, those who supported the British Empire. These were mostly English Canadians.
Against: Canadian nationalists, those who wanted more political autonomy for Canada. These were mostly French Canadians.

51. ESSAY QUESTION: Why was Confederation considered to be necessary for the colonies? How did it solve, military, political and economic problems?
Better for defense against an American invasion.(Manifest Destiny & Lots of American soldiers left from American civil war…)
Better for the economy because they would create a home market. (Ending of Reciprocity Treaty and Britain didn’t want to do free trade with us anymore)
Would be in a better position to expand westward. (Build a railway = good for economy)
For unity, would create a sense of national unity and connectedness
Would finally create a stable government.