Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions

Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions
Chapter 5 Non-Communicable Diseases and Conditions Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
FIGURE 5.1 Rank order of leading causes of death worldwide, 2004 and 2030 predicted. Source: World Health Organization. World health statistics Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012.]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.2 Age-adjusted death rates for heart disease, cancer and stroke, USA, 1960–2007. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Public health then and now: celebrating 50 years of MMWR at CDC. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1–112. Available at: [Accessed 24 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.3 Projected global deaths by selected causes, 2004–2030. Source: World Health Organization. The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.4 Projected causes of death for high-, middle-, and low-income countries, 2004–2030. Sources: World Health Organization. WHO’s statistical information system. Available at: World Health Organization. World health statistics Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. World Health Organization. World health statistics Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012.]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.5 Total deaths due to cerebrovascular disease by World Bank income groups, 2008. Source: Mendis S, Puska P, Norrving B, editors. Global atlas on cardiovascular disease prevention and control. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.6 Risk factor prevalence in US adults in NHANES 2007–2008. Note: Age-standardized prevalence estimates for poor, intermediate, and ideal cardiovascular health for each of the seven metrics of cardiovascular health in the American Heart Association 2020 goals, among US adults aged ≥ 20 years, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2008 (available data as of 1 June 2011). Source: Roger V, Go A, Lloyd-Jones D, Benjamin E, Berry J, Borden W, et al. American Heart Association Statistical Update: Heart disease and stroke statistics – 2012 update. Circulation 2012;125:e2–220. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.7 Cigarette smoking by age group, USA, 1999–2009. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.8 Adults’ participation in physical exercise, by age group, USA, 1999–2009. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.9 Prevalence of hypertension and prehypertension by age, USA, 1999–2006. Note: Hypertension = systolic blood pressure (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg, or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, or on medication; prehypertension = SBP ≥ 120–139 mmHg or DBP 80–89 mmHg. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.10 Number and percentage of adults aged 18 years and over who had hypertension, who had controlled or uncontrolled hypertension, and who were aware and/or pharmacologically treated for hypertension among those with uncontrolled hypertension – National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), USA, 2003–2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Vital signs: awareness and treatment of uncontrolled hypertension among adults – USA, 2003–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2012;6:703–9. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.11 Diet-related disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for risk factors by WHO region. Source: World Health Organization. Global health risks: mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.12 Overweight and obesity, adults 20 years and over by gender, USA, 1988–2008. Note: Overweight = body mass index (BMI) ≥ 25 but < 30; grade 1 obesity = BMI ≥ 30 but < 35; grade 2+ obesity = BMI ≥ 35. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.13 Obesity among children, by age, USA, 1988–2008. Note: Obesity = body mass index for age and gender ≥ 95th percentile of CDC growth charts. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.14 Estimated costs for cardiovascular diseases, USA, 2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Heart disease and stroke prevention – addressing the nation’s leading killers: at a glance Atlanta, GA: CDC; Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.15 Age-adjusted rates of death per 100,000 population from heart disease by race and gender, USA, 1979–2006. Note: Data for 2006 are preliminary. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Quick stats: age-adjusted rates of death from heart disease by race and sex, United States, 1979–2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2008;57:779. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Heron MP, Hoyert DL, Xu JQ, Scott C, Tejada-Vera B. Deaths: preliminary data for Natl Vital Stat Rep 2008;56:1–52. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.16 Age-adjusted prevalence of coronary heart disease among adults: behavioral risk factor surveillance system, USA, 2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Prevalence of coronary heart disease – United States, 2006–2010. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011;60:1377–8. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.17 Trends in (a) ischemic heart disease mortality rates and (b) cerebrovascular disease mortality rates, selected countries, 1970–2009, all ages (per 100,000 population). Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 4 August 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.18 Standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 population) from cerebrovascular diseases, selected European countries, 1980–2010. Note: CARK = Countries of Central Asia; CIS = Russian Federation, Ukraine, and other members of Commonwealth of Independent States; EU = European Union. Three-year moving averages. Source: World Health Organization European Region. Health for All database (HFA-DB). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.19 High-cholesterol adults, by gender, USA, 1988–2008.Note: High cholesterol = serum total cholesterol of ≥ 240 mg/dl. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. High serum total cholesterol level. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.20 Number and percentage of US population with diagnosed diabetes mellitus, 1958–2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Diabetes Translation. National Diabetes Surveillance System. Long-term trends in diagnosed diabetes. Atlanta, GA: CDC; October Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.21 Diabetes control by age group, USA, 1988–2008. Note: Poor diabetes control = hemoglobin A1c > 9%. ∗Unreliable estimate (standard error 20–30%). Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.22 Age-standardized global breast and cervical cancer rates (per 100,000 women) by country income group, 2004. Source: World Health Organization. Women and health, today’s evidence tomorrow’s agenda. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.23 Death rates from malignant neoplasms for selected years, USA, 1950–2008. Sources: Derived from: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health United States. 2011, with special feature on socioeconomic status and health. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Trend table 32, pages 158–162. American Cancer Society. Global facts and figures Atlanta, GA: American Cancer Society; Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. NCHS Data. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; 2010 July. Available at: [Accessed 29 September 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.24 Female Breast Cancer Death Rates∗ by Race and Ethnicity, U.S., 1999–2010. Note: Mortality source: U.S. Mortality Files, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. ∗Rates are per 100,000 and are age-adjusted to the 2000 U.S. standard population. Death rates cover 100% of the U.S. population. Source: Centers for Diseases Control and Prevention. Breast Cancer Rates by Race and Ethnicity. Posted 12 August 2013 at: (accessed ). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.25 Age-adjusted cancer death rates by gender and race, USA, 1999–2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control. Available at: (accessed 20 November 2013). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.26 Age-adjusted cancer death rates, males by site, USA, 1930–2009. Source: American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Atlanta GA; Available at: (accessed 20 November 2013). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.27 Age-adjusted cancer death rates, females by site, USA, 1930–2009. Note: †Uterus = cervix and corpus combined. Source: American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts & Figures American Cancer Society. Atlanta, GA: Available at: (accessed 20 November 2013). Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.28 Standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 population) from all malignant neoplasms, selected European countries, 1970–2010. Source: World Health Organization European Region. Health for All database (HFA-DB). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.29 Standardized mortality rates (per 100,000 population) from cancer of lung, trachea, and bronchus, selected European countries, 1970–2010. Source: European Health for All database (HFA-DB). Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.30 Global distribution of injury deaths by cause, 2004. Source: World Health Organization. Injuries and violence – the facts. Geneva: WHO; Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.31 Standardized mortality rates from injuries (external causes), European countries, 2008–2009. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 7 August 2013]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.32 Age-adjusted mortality rates (per 100,000 population) by selected causes of trauma, total population, USA, 1950–2010. Source: Kochanek KD, Xu J, Murphy SL, Minino A, Kung HC. National vital statistics reports. Deaths: Final data for Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; December Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.33 Rates of suicide (per 100,000 population) for selected countries in the European Region, 1970–2009. Source: World Health Organization, European Region. Health for All database. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; January Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.34 Relative burden of asthma health care use and mortality, adjusted for current prevalence by gender, race, and age group, USA, annual average 2005–2007. Note: Rate ratio of 1.0 (dashed line) = equal rates between the groups being compared. Source: Akinbami L, Moorman J, Liu, X. Asthma prevalence, health care use, and mortality: United States, 2005–2009. National health statistics reports, no. 32. Hyattsville, MD: NCHS; Available at: [Accessed 24 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.35 Chronic kidney disease among adults by age, gender, and race/ethnicity, USA, 2010. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National chronic kidney disease fact sheet [updated 2 April 2010]. Atlanta, GA: CDC. Available at: [Accessed 22 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.36 Activity limitation among adults due to chronic conditions, USA, 2004–2005. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States 2007, with chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; Available at: [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

FIGURE 5.37 Back and joint procedures (per 100,000 population), USA, 1997–2007. Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Health, United States, 2010: with special feature on death and dying. Hyattsville, MD: US DHHS, NCHS; February Available at: and [Accessed 21 October 2012]. Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

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