1. Schedule of activities
quiz
dissections!

2. RECAP
LOPHOTROCHOZOA - PROTOSTOMA - ANIMALIA 2

3. ABSTRACT + POSTER!!

4. ANIMAL PHYLOGENY PROTOSTOMIA BILATRERIA ANIMALIA
CHORDATA
HEMICHORDATA
DEUTEROSTOMIA
ECHINODERMATA
ARTHROPODA
TARDIGRADA
ONYCHOPHORA
NEMATODA
ECDYSOZOA
NEMATOMORPHA
PRIAPULIDA
KINORHYNCHA
PROTOSTOMIA
BILATRERIA
ANIMALIA
BRYOZOA
BRACHIOPODA
PHORONIDA
ANNELIDA
LOPHOTROCHOZOA
MOLLUSCA
SIPUNCULIDA
PLATYHELMITHES
PLACOZOA
CNIDARIA
PRE-BILATERIANS
PORIFERA
PROTISTA
MODIFIED FROM Valentine et al., 1999

5. PLATYHELMINTHES (free-living Turbellaria (planarian, Dugesia)
Parasitic Cestoda, or tapeworms (kestos: tape, belt, ribbon)
Monogenea: exoparasites of fish
Parasitic Flukes Digenean Trematoda (trematoda: pierced with holes)
The term "TREMATODES" was used to combine digeneans and monogeneans. This may be an artifical grouping since (ultrastructural) morphological evidence suggests that the Monogenea are more closely related to the Cestoda than to the Digenea. 5

6. Neodermata, “new skin” a syncytial tegument forms a living, interactive interface with host
Syncytium
a large cell-like structure; filled with cytoplasm, containing many nuclei.
Book page 112 6

7. PLATYHELMINTHES Monogeneans (One host) Digeneans (Two hosts or more)
Echinostomatidae
Fasciola, Echinostoma
Paragonimus, Ophistorchis
Strigeids
Schistosomatidae 7

8. 8 www.dallasdiscus.com/fluke.htm 8

9. DIGENETIC TREMATODA
Parasitic flatworms or flukes
Digenea refers to the two types of generations in the life cycle:
the germinal sacs which parasitize the intermediate host (a mollusk or rarely an annelid) and reproduce asexually
(2) the adult which is primarily endoparasitic in vertebrates and reproduces sexually.
The adult usually is hermaphroditic,
but many of the blood flukes and a few others are dioecious.
Vertebrates of all classes, except the Cyclostomata, serve as definitive hosts. Those feeding on aquatic plants and animals harbor the greatest variety of digenetic trematodes, but several species occur in strictly terrestrial hosts. 9

10. Generalized digenean life cycle10

11. 11

12. DIVERSITY 12 Apophallus muehlingi Alaria americanum
UW-L
DIVERSITY
Apophallus muehlingi
greenmuseum.org/c/vban/trematode.php
Alaria americanum
cal.vet.upenn.edu/merial/Trems/fascio_c.htm 12

13. Opisthorchis viverrini Clonorchis sinensis
Fasciola hepatica
Fasciolopsis buski
Paragonimus westermani 13

14. Clinical Features
Fascioliasis: Acute phase (months, migration of the immature fluke through the liver): abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, fever, vomiting, diarrhea, urticaria and eosinophilia. Chronic phase (adult fluke within the bile ducts), intermittent biliary obstruction and inflammation. Occasionally, ectopic infection of intestinal wall, lungs, subcutaneous tissue, and pharyngeal mucosa.
Clonorchiasis: Inflammation and intermittent obstruction of the biliary ducts. In the acute phase, abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, and eosinophilia can occur. In long-standing infections, cholangitis, cholelithiasis, pancreatitis, and cholangiocarcinoma (FATAL).
Ophistorchiasis: Mostly asymptomatic.  In mild cases, manifestations include dyspepsia, abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation.  With infections of longer duration, the symptoms can be more severe, and hepatomegaly and malnutrition may be present.  In rare cases, cholangitis, cholecystitis, and cholangiocarcinoma may develop.  In addition, infections due to O. felineus may present an acute phase resembling Katayama fever (schistosomiasis), with fever, facial edema, lymphadenopathy, arthralgias, rash, and eosinophilia. 
Paragonimiasis:The acute phase (invasion and migration) may be marked by diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, cough, urticaria, hepatosplenomegaly, pulmonary abnormalities, and eosinophilia. During the chronic phase, pulmonary manifestations include cough, expectoration of discolored sputum, hemoptysis, and chest radiographic abnormalities. Extrapulmonary locations of the adult worms result in more severe manifestations, especially when the brain is involved
Fasciolopsiasis: Mostly light and asymptomatic. In heavier infections, symptoms include diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, ascites, anasarca and intestinal obstruction. 14

15. 15

16. 16

17. TREATMENT (PZQ) 17

18. DIGENETIC TREMATODA
Some digenean parasites actively penetrate the definitive host! 18

19. Blood flukes Active penetration of skin Live in blood of host
Dioecious, NOT hermaphroditic
Dioecious Organisms whose individuals produce only one type of gamete; (either male or female).
Monoecious (hermaphroditic) Organisms whose individuals produce both male and female gametes 19

20. infect humans
Brant SV, Loker ES. Can specialized pathogens colonize distantly related hosts? Schistosome evolution as a case study. PLoS Pathog November; 1(3): e38.
Published online 2005 November 25. doi: /journal.ppat 20

21. Cercarial dermatitis, swimmer’s itch
Visceral versus nasal bird schistosomes 21

22. Schistosomiasis 22