1. Acids
Lesson 16
Titrations

3.  A standard solution has known molarity.
A primary standard is made by weighing a pure solid and diluting in a volumetric flask.
A secondary standard requires a titration to calibrate its concentration. It was made using an acid or base with suspect purity.
Not suitable Example Reason
Arrhenius bases NaOH Hydroscopic
Strong acids HCl volatile liquids or gases
Suitable
solid bronsted bases Na2CO3 pure solid
solid weak acids H2C2O4 pure solid

4. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

5. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

6. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
H2C2O4(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

7. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
H2C2O4(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

8. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

9. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NH3(g)

10. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

11. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
NaOH(s)
Na2CO3(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

12. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

13. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

14. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

15. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

16. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

17. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)
C6H5COOH(s)

18. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)

19. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NaOH(s)
HCl(g)
KC6H5COO(s)

20. Primary Standard Secondary Standard
H2SO4(l)
H2C2O4(s)
NH3(g)
Na2CO3(s)
C6H5COOH(s)
NaOH(s)
KC6H5COO(s)
HCl(g)

21. Preparing a Primary Standard
1. Calculate the mass of H2C2O4.2H2O require to prepare
100.0 mL of M standard solution. L

22. Preparing a Primary Standard
1. Calculate the mass of H2C2O4.2H2O require to prepare
100.0 mL of M standard solution.
L x mole
1 L

23. Preparing a Primary Standard
1. Calculate the mass of H2C2O4.2H2O require to prepare
100.0 mL of M standard solution.
L x mole x g
1 L mole

24. Preparing a Primary Standard
1. Calculate the mass of H2C2O4.2H2O require to prepare
100.0 mL of M standard solution.
L x mole x g = g
1 L mole

25. Titration Calculation
mL of M H2C2O4 is required to neutralize
10.0 mL of NaOH solution in a titration. Calculate the base concentration.
1H2C2O4 + 2NaOH  Na2C2O H2O
L L
0.100 M ? M
L H2C2O4 x mole
1 L
x 2 mole NaOH
1 mole H2C2O4
[NaOH] = L
= M

26. Finish and hand in your report. Check your sig figs- should be 3
Finish and hand in your report. Check your sig figs- should be 3. Make sure your work is perfect. Does all of your data have units? Make sure your unknown letter is recorded. Put away 10 pieces of glassware from the side of the room!