1. Paola Primatesta UCL, UK
Other measurements
Paola Primatesta
UCL, UK

2. Additional measurements
Less likely to be widely accepted because of lack of international standards, higher cost, more limited interest
Targeted to specific age groups (e.g. the elderly) or to investigate specific conditions of interest (e.g. lung function)

3. Criteria for inclusion

4. Additional measurements

5. Bone density measurement
For detection of osteoporosis, serious public health issue, affecting up to 1 in 2 women and 1 in 5 men over the age of 50 years
Currently, measurement of bone mineral density using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry is the gold standard for the diagnosis of osteoporosis
Critical issues: cost, standardisation of methods.

6. Lung function
Of main interest are indices of airway obstruction: the FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in one second), the FVC (forced vital capacity) and the derived ratio FEV1/FVC
Lung function is measured by spirometry
Critical issues: cost; measurement is difficult to conduct and difficult to standardize.