1. Ecology

2. Ecosystems Species do not live alone!
Community – group of various organisms that live in the same place and interact.
Ecosystems – the group of interacting organisms in the same place along with all of the living and non-living factors. (community and non-living factors)

3. Ecosystem vs. Community

4. Community of Organisms
Abiotic – non- living
Water
Wind
Rocks
Air
Biotic – living
Animals
Plants
Fungi

5. Physical factors Habitat - where an organism lives. What’s yours
What about a fish
Can they be different

6. Biodiversity The variety of organisms in a community.
The more types of organisms the higher the biodiversity.
Which has more rainforest or dessert?

7. Major Biological Communities
Climate – define in your own words!!!
Biome – define in your own words!!!
Two key factors of climate that determine biomes are temperature and precipitation.

8. Climate and Biome are completely linked!

9. Energy Flow In Systems

10. Consumer/Heterotroph
Producer/autotroph
Consumer/Heterotroph

11. Food Chains Herbivore – eats plants Carnivore – eats meats
Omnivore – eats plants and meats
Food web vs. food chain
Chains flows in 1 direction
Web flows in many directions
A web is made of many chains

13. Trophic (energy) Levels
Producer – photosynthetic/autotrophic organisms
Consumer – eat other organisms
Decomposers – break down the remains of animals
In an ecosystem energy flows from the sun to producers to consumers to decomposers
Each step in the transfer of energy through an ecosystem is called a trophic level.

15. Loss of energy Energy is stored at each link in a food web.
But some energy that is used dissipates as heat into the environment and is not recycled.
Only about 10% of the energy makes it to the next trophic level. 90% of it is lost as heat.

17. Interactions in communities
Predator vs. Prey

18. Shaping Communities
Niche – unique position occupied by a species both physically and trophically.
Fundamental vs. realized niche

19. Define in your own words!
Keystone species

20. Which of the following in the diagram below is a keystone species?

21. Competitive exclusion – when a species is excluded (left out) of a niche or excluded from certain resources due to competition from another species.

22. Other interactions
Symbiosis is a relationship in which two species live in close association with each other.
Define :
mutualism
Commensalism

23. Complete a doodle def for the following terms:
Parasitism

24. Population Regulation

25. Community of Organisms
Abiotic – non- living
Water
Wind
Rocks
Air
Biotic – living
Animals
Plants
Fungi

26. Populations
A group of organisms of the same species that live together in one place .
Understanding population growth is important because populations of different species interact and affect one another, including human populations.

27. Population Growth Immigration – movement into a population
Emigration- movement out of a population

28. Exponential growth – populations increase by a certain factor
Logistic growth – (define these terms in your own….WORDS!!)
Density dependent
Density independent
Carrying capacity

30. Density dependent – depends on the amount of the population (Ex: food, water, shelter)
Density independent – independent of the amount of the population (Ex: natural disaster and disease)
Carrying capacity – maximum population/capacity an area can support/carry (ex: elevator has a carrying capacity)

31. Succession

32. Succession
The replacement of one community by another at a single place over a period of time.
Volcano example:
Pioneer species – first one there
An ecosystem responds to change in such a way that the ecosystem is restored to equilibrium.

36. Cycles

37. Water Cycle
Water cycle continuously moves water between the atmosphere, the land and the oceans.
Percolates
condensation
Precipitation
evaporation
Transpiration
Assign a number to each in the order they occur

38. Carbon and Oxygen cycles
Animals, plants and other photosynthesizing organisms play an important role in cycling carbon and oxygen through an ecosystem.
Carbon cycle
Respiration
Discuss cycle on pg 91

39. Carbon Cycle
Plants use CO2 to build organic molecules (glucose/carbohydrates). Oxygen is released during this process.
Animals and other organisms use this oxygen to break down organic molecules they ingested and release energy and CO2.
The process of exchanging oxygen and CO2 between organisms and their surroundings is respiration.

40. Combustion Carbon is also released through combustion.
Combustion is the process of burning a substance.
All living things contain carbon (organic) thus when you burn a living thing you release carbon into the atmosphere.
Trees
Fossil fuels (oil and coal)

42. Phosphorus Cycle
Phosphorus is an important part of ATP and DNA and must be cycled in order for an ecosystem to support life.
This is the movement of phosphorus in different chemical forms from surroundings to organisms then back to surroundings.

45. Look up and define and explain:
Elemental nitrogen
Nitrogen fixation
Denitrification
How are these related???

46. Water cycle song
Bill Nye water cycle
Bill Nye carbon cycle

47. Environmental Maintenance

48. Ozone: a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3)
Atmosphere: the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

49. Greenhouse Effect
A phenomenon in which the atmosphere of a planet traps radiation emitted by its sun, caused by gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapor, and methane that allow incoming sunlight to pass through but retain heat radiated back from the planet's surface.

50. A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon- containing chemical compound for an indefinite period. The process by which carbon sinksremove carbon dioxide (CO2) from theatmosphere is known as carbon sequestration

51. geosphere
geosphere: any of the almost spherical concentric regions of matter that make up the earth and its atmosphere, as the lithosphere and hydrosphere.

52. Soil erosion is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. In agriculture, soil erosion refers to the wearing away of a field's topsoil by the natural physical forces of water (Figure 1) and wind (Figure 2) or through forces associated with farming activities such as tillage.

53. Deposition is the geological process in which sediments, soil and rocks are added to a landform or land mass. Wind, ice, and water, as well as sediment flowing via gravity, transport previously eroded sediment, which, at the loss of enough kinetic energy in the fluid, is deposited, building up layers of sediment

55. Human Impact

56. Renewable resource – natural resources that can be replaced at the same rate at which they are consumed.
Ex: CO2 and O2
Nonrenewable resource – resources that form at a rate that is much slower than the rate at which they are consumed
Ex: fossil fuels