1. Section II: Respiratory Symptoms
Dyspnea
Cough (at a glance)

2. Dyspnea: Overview and Incidence
Subjective experience
Most reported symptom
Promotes disability, poor quality of life, and suffering
Balkstra, 2015; Dudgeon, 2015

3. Causes of Dyspnea Major pulmonary causes Major cardiac causes
Major neuromuscular causes
Other causes

4. Assessment of Dyspnea Use subjective report Clinical assessment
Physical exam
Diagnostic tests
Patient experience
Underlying cause
Dudgeon, 2015

5. Vignette : Symptom Assessment

6. Treatment of Dyspnea Treating symptoms or underlying cause
Pharmacologic treatments
Opioids
Nonopioids
Dudgeon, 2015; Hui et al., 2016; Quill et al., 2014

7. Treatment of Dyspnea (cont.)
Nonpharmacologic
Non-invasive ventilatory support (oxygen, positive pressure ventilation) if hypoxic
Counseling
Pursed lip breathing
Energy conservation
Fans, elevation
Positioning
Other
Dudgeon, 2015

8. Symptom at a Glance: Cough
Overview
Causes
Management
Treatment of underlying causes
Suppressant
Dudgeon, 2015

9. Case Study on Assessment and Management of Symptoms: MARGARET—Part II
How would you work with the interdisciplinary team to manage Margaret’s dyspnea?
What pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments might be helpful to decrease her dyspnea?