1. Lecture 14: Reproductive Behavior
Animal Science 434
Lecture 14: Reproductive Behavior

2. Reproductive Behavior
Very strong drive and can take precedence over other activities
Purpose
Promote copulation
Assure sperm and oocyte meet
Goal is to achieve pregnancy and parturition

3. Stages of Reproductive Behavior
precopulatory
copulatory
post copulatory

4. Precopulatory Stage Search for sexual partner
in female, generally limited to estrus
increased physical activity
In primates can occur at any time
in male can occur at any time
involves all of the senses
sight
smell
hearing
tactile

5. Precopulatory Stage (cont.)
Courtship
species specific events
sniffing of the vulva by male
urination by the female
flemen lip curl
chin resting on female rump
increased phonation
male checks for female lordosis
human
eye contact, touching, detection of pheremones

6. Urination

7. Lordosis

8. Winking of the Vulva

9. Sniffing the Vulva

10. Biting To Check For Lordosis

11. Unresponsive Mare

12. Sniffing the Vulva

13. Checking for Lordosis

14. Human Courtship
Sight, eye contact,
touch, pheremones

15. Precopulatory Stage (cont.)
Search for sexual partner
Courtship
Sexual arousal
Female
Lordosis
Presents hindquarters to male
Male
Erection
Penile protrusion

16. Copulatory Behavior
Mounting
Intromission
Ejaculation

17. Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
Varies among species
short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
bull
ram
sustained copulator ( minutes)
boar
intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)
stallion

18. Short Copulator

19. Short Copulator

20. Short Copulator

21. Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
Varies among species
short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
bull
ram
sustained copulator ( minutes)
boar
intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)
stallion

22. Sustained Copulator

23. Sustained Copulator

24. Copulatory Behavior (cont.)
Varies among species
short copulators (1 - 3 seconds)
bull
ram
sustained copulator ( minutes)
boar
intermediate (20 to 60 seconds)
stallion

25. Intermediate Copulator

26. Postcopulatory Behavior
Dismounting
Refractory period
period of time during which copulation will not take place
for semen collection try to minimize
Memory
a bad experience will carry over

27. Endocrine Effects on Sexual Behavior
Prenatal steroid exposure
feminization
Masculinization (defeminization)
Postnatal Behavior
castrated female
no steroids - no estrous behavior
plus estradiol - estrous behavior
plus progesterone and estradiol - maximum estrous behavior
plus testosterone - male-like behavior

28. Sexual Behavior (cont.)
Postnatal Behavior
castrated male
no steroids - decreased sexual behavior
plus testosterone - sex behavior restored
plus dihydrotestosterone - decreased sex behavior
plus estradiol - sex behavior restored

29. Aromatization
Testosterone
Estradiol
aromatase
Dihydrotestosterone

30. Sexual Behavior (cont.)
both male and female sexual behavior is dependent on estradiol receptors in brain

31. Control of Reproductive Behavior
Sensory
Hypothalamus
Midbrain
Medulla
Spinal Chord

32. Control of Reproductive Behavior

33. Control of Reproductive Behavior

34. Control of Reproductive Behavior

35. Control of Reproductive Behavior

36. Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior
specific importance varies with species
olfaction
pheromone
volatile substance which elicit specific behavior in the recipient
males produce
boars
humans
females produce during estrus
dogs and rats can sense cow pheromones
flehmen response

37. Vomeronasal
Organ
Vomeronasal Organ
Nasopalatine Duct
Fluids

40. Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior (cont.)
Auditory
cows bellow
sows grunt
good for long-range signaling
Visual
posturing
males observing other males or females mounting
valuable for close encounters

41. Sensory Inputs for Reproductive Behavior (cont.)
Tactile
biting on neck or whithers of mare
chin resting on cow
boar nudging of sow flank
final stimulus before copulation
leads to erection

42. Erection of the penis requires:
elevated arterial blood inflow
restricted venous outflow
elevated intrapenile pressure
relaxation of the retractor penis muscle

43. Emission
movement of seminal fluids into pelvic urethra so can mix with sperm
may occur in a sequence
leads to fractions in ejaculate

45. (optic, olfactory, tactile and auditory)
Sensory Stimulation
(optic, olfactory, tactile and auditory)

47. Neural Stimulation
Oxytocin

48. Ejaculation is a simple neural reflex
intromission
stimulation of the glans penis
forceful muscle contraction
expulsion of semen

50. Friction

54. Postcopulatory Behavior
Refractoriness
all males have this
dependent on
species
sexual rest prior to copulation
age of male
degree of female novelty
number of previous ejaculates

55. Manipulating Sperm Output
introduce novel stimulus
Coolidge effect
change stimulus settings
increase sexual preparation (alter emission)
false mounts
restraint

56. Homosexual Behavior common in farm animals
useful to detect when females in heat
selection by man may have enhanced this
can collect bulls off of other bulls as mounts