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Rapid Review: Wheelock Chapters 1-14
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Their function in the sentence is indicated by their case, not by the word order of the sentence. There are six cases: Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative Vocative Nom = Subject Gen = Possession Dat = Indirect Object (to/for whom) Acc = Direct Object Abl = Adverbial (by/with/from/etc) Voc = direct address
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Besides case, nouns also have gender: masculine, feminine, or neuter. They also have number: singular or plural. So nouns have three important characteristics: GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE.
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Nouns are divided into five groups called declensions. So far, we’ve learned the first 3 declensions (and we’ll learn the remaining 2 this semester) Remember: DECLENSION ≠ GENDER! 1st declension = mostly feminine (exceptions include poeta, incola, agricola, nauta) 2nd declension = mostly masculine and neuter (exceptions include plants = feminine, eg papyrus)
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
We can identify the declension of a noun by looking at the ending of its genitive singular. To decline a noun, we add the appropriate case endings to the noun’s stem.
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
1st declension: porta, portae, f Singular Plural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl porta portae portae portarum portae portīs portam portas portīs portā
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
2nd declension: campus, campi, m Singular Plural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl campus campi campi camporum campo campīs campum campos campīs campo
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
The form of the vocative case is identical to that of the nominative in every declension EXCEPT certain 2nd declension nouns, following these rules: -us → -e ex: Marcus → Marce -ius → –i ex: filius → fili also, meus → mi
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
3rd declension: rex, regis, m Singular Plural Nom Gen Dat Acc Abl rex reges regis regum regi regibus regem reges regibus rege
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
The form of neuter nouns follow the following rules in all declensions: nom = acc nom/acc pl = -a Sg Pl Nom caput capita Gen capitis capitum Dat capiti capitibus Acc Abl capite
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
There is a special group of 3rd declension nouns known as i-stems, which differ from other 3rd declensions like this: M/F Sg Pl Nom arx arces Gen arcis arcium Dat arci arcibus Acc arcem Abl arce N Sg Pl Nom mare maria Gen maris marium Dat mari maribus Acc Abl
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
There are some rules we have to help us remember which 3rd declension nouns are i-stems: M/F nom. sg. ending in –is or –es, having the same number of syllables in the nominative and genitive nom sg. in –s or –x w/ base in 2 consonants. Most of their nominatives are monosyllabic. N nom. sg. ending in –al, -ar, or –e M/F - Same number of syllables = Parasyllabic [ex: civis, nubes, but NOT canis or iuvenis] [ex: ars, dens] N [ex: animal, exemplar, mare]
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Ablative Uses So far we’ve learned: w/ a preposition
means/instrument - NO preposition! accompaniment - takes cum -manner - takes cum As we go through Wheelock, we’ll learn bit by bit many of the uses of the Ablative case. w. Prep = SID SPACE: sine, in, de, sub, pro, ab, cum, ex means = by means of what?, by what?, with what? Accomp = with whom? Manner = how? In what manner?
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Nouns, Pronouns, and Adjectives
Adjectives MUST agree with the nouns they modify in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE! Adjectives are grouped, like nouns. So far we’ve learned 1st/2nd declension adjectives. Don’t be confused by their names, ANY adjective can describe ANY noun of ANY declension, regardless of declension, as long as they AGREE IN GENDER, NUMBER, AND CASE! 1st/2nd declension adjs are declined like nouns from 1st and 2nd decl
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Adjectives Adjectives can be used as substantives.
There’s a group of special –ius adjectives that have genitive singular in –ius and dative singular in –i. Substantives = nouns – ex: the meek shall inherit the earth. Stem Ex: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, stem=pulchr- -ius adjs: mnemonic device UNUS NAUTA (unus, nullus, ullus, solus, neuter, alter, ulter, totus, alius)
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Personal Pronouns 1st person sg: ego, mei, mihi, me, me
2nd person sg: tu, tui, tibi, te, te 1st person pl: nos, nostrum/nostri, nobis, nos, nobis 2nd person pl: vos, vestrum/vestri, vobis, vos, vobis is, ea, id are used as 3rd person pronouns, and the genitives were often used for possession Possession = meus, tuus, noster, vester, etc
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Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns refer back to the subject, so they have no nominative case. For 1st and 2nd sg and pl, their forms are the same as the personal pronoun 3rd person reflexives are the same for sg and pl Forms: --, sui, sibi, se, se Reflexive possessive adjs. are meus, tuus, noster, vester, and suus 1st and 2nd pl: nostri and vestri 3rd reflexive = --, sui, sibi, se, se; refer back to the subj, so sg or pl not confusing Diff btwn suus and eius/eorum
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Verbs Verbs have five characteristics: Person Number Tense Voice Mood
1st, 2nd, or 3rd? Number singular or plural? Tense pres, fut, imp, pf, fut pf, or plupf? Voice active or passive? Mood indicative, imperative, or subjunctive? Person/number (subject)
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Verbs Verbs are divided into four groups called conjugations.
1st conj. = -are 2nd conj. = -ēre 3rd conj. = -ere 4th conj. = -ire There’s also a subsection of the 3rd conjugation known as ‘3rd –io’ which often act like 4th conjugation verbs, but have infinitive in –ere.
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Verbs The personal endings of the verbs tell us its five characteristics. What are the personal endings of the active voice? -o or –m -s -t -mus -tis -nt The pluperfect endings are just like the impf of sum. The future perfect endings are just like the fut pf of sum, with the exception of the 3rd pl
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Verbs To conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to the stem.
How do we find the present stem? What tenses are formed off the present stem? How do we find the perfect stem? What tenses are formed off the perfect stem?
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Verbs: Imperatives The singular imperative is just like the present stem. The plural has a –te added. amare ama amate monēre monē monēte agere age agite audire audi audite There are 4 irregular imperatives duc, dic, fac, fer
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Verbs: Present Tense To form the present tense, just add the personal endings to the present stem. amo moneo ago capio audio amas mones agis capis audis amat monet agit capit audit amamus monemus agimus capimus audimus amatis monetis agitis capitis auditis amant monent agunt capiunt audiunt
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Verbs: Imperfect The imperfect tense is used for continuous or repetitive actions in the past. To form the imperfect, stick the infix ‘ba’ in between the present stem and the personal endings. Ex: laudabam, laudabas, laudabat, etc 3rd –io and 4th conj. verbs have an ‘e’ between the ‘i’ and the personal endings (capiebam, audiebam, etc) Mnemonic device: bA like wAs
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Verbs: Future 1st and 2nd conjugations form the future with the infix ‘bi’ (Remember: Bo will bunt) In 3rd and 4th conjugations, the sign of the future tense is the vowel ‘e’ (‘a’ in 1st sg) Ex: agam, ages, aget, etc
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Verbs: Future Remember:
In conjugations 1 and 2, you must use ‘bo,’ ‘bi,’ ‘bu.’ In conjugations 4 and 3, you must use ‘a’ and ‘e.’
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Present sum es est sumus estis sunt
Verbs: Sum and Possum Present sum es est sumus estis sunt Imperfect eram eras erat eramus eratis erant Future ero eris erit erimus eritis erunt The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them.
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Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt
Verbs: Sum and Possum Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt Present possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt Imperfect poteram poteras poterat poteramus poteratis poterant Future potero poteris poterit poterimus poteritis poterunt Possum takes complimentary infinitive The forms of possum are the same as sum but with pot- in front of them. Where sum begins with an ‘s,’ the ‘t’ also turns into an ‘s.’
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To find the stem, drop the –i off the 3rd principal part.
Verbs: Perfect System To find the stem, drop the –i off the 3rd principal part. ENDINGS Perfect Active Indic Pluperfect Active Indic Future Perfect Active Indic Sg. 1st -i -eram -ero 2nd -isti -eras -eris 3rd -it -erat -erit Pl. -imus -eramus -erimus -istis -eratis -eritis -erunt -erant -erint
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Verbs: Perfect System The perfect is used to talk about an action in the past as a single, completed event. The pluperfect and future perfect are used like they are in English, generally looking at consequences of completed actions.
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Verbs: Impf. and the Pf. Sys.
Tense Usage Latin example Eng. translation Repetative, habitual, or ongoing event in the past I was praising, I used to praise Event in the past that occurred before another event in the past I had praised Completed event, or completed event that has some bearing on the present I praised, I have praised Event in the future that occurs before another event in the future I will have praised Imperfect laudabam Pluperfect laudaveram laudavi Perfect Future Perfect laudavero
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Homework for Monday Review chapters 1-14: complete handout
to turn in Monday Study chapters 1-14 for the quiz on Monday, focusing on the verbal system and declension of nouns. Know how to modify nouns with adjectives. Remember To start your flashcards!
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