1. What’s the grammatical difference between Caecilius and Caecilium?

2. Subject The doer of the verb or the topic of the sentence.
Caecilius is the father.

3. Direct Object amicus Caecilium salutat.
The thing acted upon by the verb.
It receives the action of an action verb.
amicus Caecilium salutat.
Who’s the subject (doing the greeting)?
Who’s the direct object (receiving the greeting)?

4. How to find the direct object?
In Latin, the ending on a noun tells you how it functions in the sentence.
Caecilius is the subject form of Caecilius.
When he’s the direct object, his name ends with a um instead of a us.
You’d spell his name Caecilium whenever he is the direct object.

5. via  viam mensa  mensam …other types of nouns:
Nouns like via and mensa will end in AM instead of A when they are the direct object.
Subject Form Direct Object Form
via  viam
mensa  mensam

6. Caecilius  Caecilium hortus  hortum atrium  atrium
Nouns that end in –us or -um like Caecilius, hortus, or atrium will end in UM instead of US/UM when they are the direct object.
Subject Form Direct Object Form
Caecilius  Caecilium
hortus  hortum
atrium  atrium

7. mater, matris  matrem canis, canis  canem
Nouns that don’t end in US or A and their 2nd form on the vocabulary ends in –IS, will have an EM as an ending instead of an IS.
Subject Form Direct Object Form
pater, patris  patrem
mater, matris  matrem
canis, canis  canem

9. What are Cases? Cases are used for nouns
They tell us the purpose of each noun in a sentence
Latin has 6 cases:
Nominative
Genitive
Dative
Accusative
Ablative
Vocative

10. You already know 3 cases…
Ablative – used with prepositions
in tablino
in culina
Nominative – subject of a sentence
Caecilius
Metella
Accusative – direct object in a sentence
Caecilium
Metellam

11. Declensions = Families for Nouns
You look like your family, correct?
Nouns have families too… called DECLENSIONS
Today we will learn about three declension families:
1st Declension
2nd Declension
3rd Declension

12. How to determine a Noun’s Family (or Declension)
Go to the Genitive Case (the 2nd entry in your vocab list).
See which family it matches with…
AE = 1st Declension
I = 2nd Declension
IS = 3rd Declension

13. How to find a noun’s stem:
For 1st Declension nouns  Drop the AE to get the stem.
For 2nd Declension nouns  Drop the I to get the stem.
For 3rd Declension nouns  Drop the IS to get the stem.
How to find a noun’s stem:

14. To form the accusative:
Add an AM to the 1st Declension nouns’ stems.
Add a UM to the 2nd Declension nouns’ stems.
Add an EM to the 3rd Declension nouns’ stems.

15. via, viae viam culina, culinae culinam hortus, horti hortum
Subject forms
Direct Object forms
via, viae
viam
culina, culinae
culinam
hortus, horti
hortum
amicus, amici
amicum
filius, filii
filium
pater, patris
patrem
mater, matris
matrem
canis, canis
canem
atrium, atrii
atrium

16. Understanding Nouns in Dictionary Form…
rex, regis (m).
The first entry is the Nominative Case form of that noun (the case for subjects)
The second entry is the Genitive Case form of that noun (the case for possession… but we’ll use it now for finding the stem)
The third entry gives you the gender of your noun.

17. Let’s Practice …

18. Check your answers…