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The World Before War
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Totalitarianism Government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life
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Dynamic Leader Unites people Symbolizes govt.
Encourages popular support through force
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Ideology Sets and glorifies state goals Justifies govt actions
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State Control of Individuals
Controls EVERYTHING Business, labor, housing, education, religion, the arts, etc.
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Methods of Enforcement
Terror Censorship Persecution
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Use of Technology Mass communication Advanced weaponry
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Totalitarian Rulers in the 2oth Century
Adolf Hitler Benito Mussolini Joseph Stalin Kim Il Sung Saddam Hussein
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The Rise of Mussolini
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Italy’s Conditions After WWI
Had fought w/Allies but didn’t get all they were promised Huge war debts No markets to sell goods
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Mussolini’s Background
1883: Born to a working class family 1919: Formed the Fascist party Facism: Totalitarian system of government Defended private property and class structure Cause of nation advanced at all costs
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1920: Began to campaign for power
1921: Mussolini’s followers, Blackshirts, physically attacked political opponents and drove elected officials from office Democratic govt did nothing to stop them
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1922: Fascists stages March on Rome to protest
King Victor Emmanuel III named Mussolini Prime Minister 1924: Blackshirts ensured Italians voted for Fascist candidates Mussolini began calling himself “Il Duce” – “the leader” Banned non-Fascist parties Fascists arrested, assaulted or murdered anyone who voted against them
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Mussolini’s Accomplishments
Brought order to Italy Built up armed forces Solved unemployment problem Rekindled patriotism
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The Rise of Adolf Hitler
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1889: Born in Austria 1913: Rejected by Austrian army 1914: Joined WWI w/German army 1918: Received military award 1919: Joined German’s Workers’ Party = future Nazi party
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1920: Put in charge of Nazi propaganda
1923: Beer Hall Putsch Tried to seize power of govt. Sent to prison Wrote Mein Kampf = “My Struggle”
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1933: President Hindenberg invited Hitler to be Chancellor
Nazis got 44% of vote in the next election 1934: Hindenberg died Govt. combined Chancellorship and Presidency Hitler became der Fuhrer = “the leader”
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