1. Medical Diagnosis Problem
Casscells, Schoenberger, and Grayboys (as cited in Cosmides & Tooby, 1996) created the following problem in 1978 for a study at the Harvard Medical School:
If a test to detect a disease whose prevalence is 1/1000 has a false positive rate of 5%, what is the chance that a person found to have a positive result actually has the disease, assuming you know nothing about a person’s symptoms or signs? ___%

2. Medical Diagnosis Problem
Of the sixty medical students and faculty used as subjects in the original study, only 18% gave the correct answer of 2% (Cosmides & Tooby, 1996).
Forty-five percent of their subjects responded that 95% of those who test positive actually have the disease, appearing to have used the complement of the false positive rate as the true positive rate.

3. 1% of women at age forty who participate in routine screening have breast cancer.  80% of women with breast cancer will get positive mammographies.  9.6% of women without breast cancer will also get positive mammographies.  A woman in this age group had a positive mammography in a routine screening.  What is the probability that she actually has breast cancer?