1. Sz: Types and diagnosis
L.O – Be able to outline the characteristics of Schizophrenia and identify different types of it
• “Clinical characteristics of the chosen disorder”

2. Sz– Characteristics/Symptoms
Thought process disorder, characterised by disruption to a person’s perceptions, emotions and beliefs. Symptoms include:
Hallucinations / Delusions
Social Withdrawal
Lack of Thought Control
Catatonic behaviour
Type 1 Symptoms – Positive (‘add something’ eg. Hallucinations)
Type 2 Symptoms – Negative (‘withdraw something eg social behaviour’)

3. Sz – Diagnostic Criteria
Positive Symptoms
Negative Symptoms
Diagnosis
2 or more characteristic symptoms
Social/occupational dysfunction
Duration (at least 6 months)
Exclusion of mood disorders
Exclusion of organic cause
2 classification systems – ICD and DSM, recognise different subtypes of schizophrenia.

4. Schizophrenia diagnosis
Is associated with abnormal functioning of frontal systems, temporal lobes, and dopaminergic projections to this areas.
All individuals are at risk for its developing. Contributing factors include:
genetic predispositions
environmental factors:
damage sustained through trauma, disease, substance abuse
effects of experience on neuronal structures and neurochemical release
neuronal and biochemical changes during normal human development
Psychosis will develop when a threshold of damage or changes to frontal system, temporal structures and dopaminergic projections is attained

5. Schizophrenia prevalence
1% lifetime risk in general population
Holds true for most geographical areas although rates do vary
Abnormally high in Southern Ireland, Croatia; significantly lower rates in Italy, Spain (Torrey, 2002)
Risk factors include low socioeconomic status, minority ethnicity, urban residence

6. Aetiology
Aetiology (i.e. ‘cause’) is not known, certain factors have been implicated in its development.
Occurs in 1% of the population. Persons with a close genetic relationship to a patient with schizophrenia are more likely than those with a more distant relationship to develop the disorder.
Markers on chromosomes 5, 11, 18, 19 and 22 and, most recently, 6, 8, and 13 have been associated with schizophrenia.

7. Schizophrenia diagnosis
Type 1 - Episodic, mainly positive symptoms
Type 2 - Chronic, mainly negative symptoms
However, there are further Diagnostic subtypes
Paranoid
Catatonic
Disorganised
Undifferentiated
Residual

8. Schizophrenia diagnosis
10%
10%
35-40% (less severe)
20%
20%