1. For a periodic complex sound
Fundamental frequency: Lowest frequency present in a complex wave OR
More important: HIGHEST frequency that is a factor of all other frequencies present in the sound
Harmonics: Integral multiples of fundamental frequency 1

2. Harmonics Fundamental frequency = 100 Hz
Second harmonic = 2 * 100 = 200 Hz
nth harmonic = n*100 Hz 2

3. Line spectrum: Discrete number of sinusoids
Continuous spectrum: Contains all frequencies within certain limits 3

4. Transients or clicks Very brief sounds
Very short sine waves: Spectrum contains multiple frequencies instead of one frequency. 4

5. 1000 Hz, 1 sec
1000 Hz, 0.01 sec
1000 Hz, sec 5

6. Octave: Scale of frequency
One octave = Doubling of frequency in Hz
For example: 100 to 200 Hz: 1 Octave
200 to 400 Hz: 1 Octave
400 to 800 Hz: 1 Octave
100 to 400 Hz: 2 Octaves
100 to 800 Hz: ? Octaves
100 to 1600 Hz: ? Octaves 6

7. Examples of periodic complex waves
Sawtooth wave:
Sum of odd and even harmonics.
-6 dB/octave slope
Square wave: Sum of odd harmonics. Example:
500 Hz Hz Hz….
Triangular wave:
Sum of odd harmonics.
-12 dB/octave slope
In all cases, equal starting phase for all components 7