1. Carbohydrates
glucose C6H12O6 [C.H2O]6

2. monosaccharide

3. disaccharide

4. trisaccharide

5. starch, cellulose
polysaccharide

6. polyhydroxyaldehyde
aldopentose

7. polyhydroxyketone
ketohexose

11. -D-arabinose a furanose

12. anomers

15. mutarotation
[] = 80.2˚

22. a glycoside

23. Disaccharides
Lactose

24. -1,4-glycosidic linkage
undergoes mutarotation

25. an -glycosidic linkage

26. Oxidations of Sugars

28. oxidizing agents: Ag(NH3)2+, Cu2+/OH-
sugars that react with these oxidizing agents are called reducing sugars
these monoacids are called aldonic acids

29. a nonreducing sugar

30. Glycolysis

31. Glycolysis

32. Glycolysis

33. Glycolysis

34. Glycolysis

35. Glycolysis

36. Reduction of the carbonyl group
Alditol formation

37. HO-Br

40. an aldaric acid

41. IO4- oxidation

46. Fischer-Kiliani Synthesis

48. epimers