1. Warm-up BREAKING NEWS: PREPARE FOR AN EARTHQUAKE!
Imagine that you have just received news that Charlotte is preparing for an earthquake. If you had to prepare an emergency kit, what would you include? (Use complete sentences!)

2. Follow-up: Did you think of these things?
First aid kit and instruction booklet
Plastic tarp or a small tent
Emergency ("space") blankets and one sleeping bag for each family member 
At least one gallon of bottled water per person, per day. For a 3-day supply, that adds up to three gallons of water per person 
Enough canned or dried food for 3 days
Can opener
Flashlight (easily in reach)
Battery-powered radio
Spare batteries for everything (stored separately in waterproof bags)
Toilet paper, soap, toothpaste and toothbrushes, and other personal supplies
Multi-purpose dry chemical (Class ABC) fire extinguisher
Any important medicine and supplies for infants, elderly people, and others with special needs

3. Yesterday’s EXIT TICKET
What is the relationship between the temperature of magma and its viscosity? The higher the temperature, the more or less viscous the magma?
Name the three types of volcanoes AND list them in the order of least to most violent.
What region of the world are the most violent volcanoes found?
4. Draw a diagram of a cinder cone volcano and lable the main parts (conduit, vent, crater, lava/pyroclastic material)

4. Earthquakes! SWBAT describe the anatomy of an earthquake
SWBAT relate earthquake faults to different types of plate boundaries.
Anatomy: structural makeup especially of an organism or any of its parts

5. Exit Ticket What is an epicenter? What is the elastic rebound theory?
Where is the focus in relation to the epicenter?
Draw a diagram of the three types of faults we discussed in class today.
Additional links to check out (for extra class time/early finishers):

6. Agenda Review for quiz Quiz Do-Now YET Objective TET Haiti GN/lecture
Group research
Presentation Prep
Class presentations
Exit Ticket

7. 2010: Haiti

8. What is an earthquake?
An earthquake is the shaking of the ground due to the movements of tectonic plates
Earthquakes occur at different plate boundaries

9. What happens during an earthquake?
Foreshock: any of the usually minor tremors commonly preceding the principal shock of an earthquake
Earthquake!
Aftershock: smaller earthquakes which are generated by the continued movement of plates and other materials after the main shock

10. What are the parts of an earthquake?
Focus: point inside the Earth where the earthquake starts Epicenter: location on the surface of the Earth directly above the focus. Fault: break in the crust where the earthquake occurs
What are the parts of an earthquake?
Teacher Actions: Direct students to record information on the RH side of their notebook
Student Actions: Students record notes

11. Surface waves
Epicenter
Fault
Focus

13. Types of Faults Strike-Slip, Reverse, Normal
Each fault occurs at a different type of boundary!

14. What is a reverse fault? Convergent Boundary = Reverse
A reverse fault happens when two blocks of crust are pushed up against each other and they slide vertically
These types of earthquakes are usually strong and deep

15. What is a Normal Fault? Divergent = Normal
A normal fault occurs when two blocks of crust are pulled away from each other and slide vertically
This type of earthquake is usually weak and shallow

16. What is a strike-slip fault? Transform = Strike-Slip
A strike-slip fault is when two blocks of crust slide past each other horizontally
These types of earthquakes are moderate and shallow

17. Let’s take a look at the U.S!
In which state do most earthquakes in the United States take place?

18. Why does California see so many EQs?
The San Andreas Fault!

19. Elastic Rebound Theory

20. Why do earthquakes occur?
Along a fault, energy builds up in a rock until it breaks and releases energy. This type of energy is ELASTIC energy.
This release of energy causes an earthquake.

21. What Causes Earthquakes?
As tectonic plates push, pull or scrape against each other, stress builds up along faults until the rocks finally move
WRITE THIS DOWN: The elastic rebound theory is the main cause of earthquakes

22. Elastic Rebound Theory
Definition: the gradual buildup, and release of stress and strain, between tectonic plates which leads to earthquakes

24. Label Below: Fault, Epicenter, Focus, Seismograph

25. Presentations!
Each group will be assigned a major earthquake that has occurred around the world
Using an article, your group will find information about this earthquake (see “Real World Application Notes”)
You will then create a poster with the following guidelines:
Key information about your earthquake (from your “Real World Application Notes”)
A map showing where the earthquake occurred (use latitude and longitude!)
Any additional information you wish to present to the class
After creating your poster, your group will do a short (1-2 minute) presentation to the class so that everyone can get the information about your earthquake

26. Any last minute questions?
Exit Ticket!
Any last minute questions?

27. Exit Ticket What is an epicenter? What is the elastic rebound theory?
Where is the focus in relation to the epicenter?
Draw a diagram of the three types of faults we discussed in class today.
Additional links to check out (for extra class time/early finishers):

28. Earthquake Energy!
Extension

29. Magnitudes and Energy of Earthquakes Annual Numbers of EQs
As indicated in previous slide, as magnitude increases by 1.0, ground motion changes by a factor of 10. The change in energy with magnitude is even more dramatic. A change of magnitude by 1.0 corresponds to a change in energy released by a factor of 32!
Notice the dramatic change in number of earthquakes of different sizes. Small earthquakes are MUCH more frequent than large earthquakes. However, because the energy changes by a factor of 32 with an increase of 1.0 in magnitude, large earthquakes account for most of the energy released in earthquakes. There are about 20 earthquakes of magnitude 7.0 or greater each year and these release 80% of all seismic energy.
Earthquake Energy—To rephrase, for each unit of magnitude the amplitude of the waves increases by a factor of 10, but the duration also increases, so the energy released increases by a factor of 32!
RESOURCE: See file “No. 3. How Often do Earthquakes Occur?” on website
What’s the message?
MOST of the energy is released by around 20 magnitude-7 and larger EQs every year.

30. Seismic intensity is affected by rock type.
A major influence on earthquake damage is the ground that buildings are built upon. In the San Francisco Bay area, soft muddy areas experience much large ground oscillations than do areas of hard bedrock. Earthquake damage tends to be high in Bay Mud areas and lower in areas underlain by bedrock.
The level of shaking is controlled by the proximity of the earthquake source to the affected region and the types of rocks that seismic waves pass through en route (particularly those at or near the ground surface).
Generally, the bigger and closer the earthquake, the stronger the shaking. But there have been large earthquakes with very little damage either because they caused little shaking or because the buildings were built to withstand that kind of shaking. In other cases, moderate earthquakes have caused significant damage either because the shaking was locally amplified, or more likely because the structures were poorly engineered.
Amplitude of oscillation
Form a hypothesis about how would you expect the houses to react during an EQ.

31. Seismic intensity is affected by rock type.
This drawing does not show the S and P-wave arrivals on the seismogram. Rather, it shows how the seismic wave oscillates as it enters different materials.
The least damage occurs where buildings are constructed on bedrock. Note that the seismogram signal through “solid bedrock” is a high-frequency, low-amplitude.
By the time the seismic wave reaches the “well-consolidated sediment” it begins to wobble with more amplitude but less frequently.
The “poorly consolidated” sediment is even worse.
As the wave enters the “water-saturated sand and mud” the wave records a low-frequency, high-amplitude signal. It really gets rolling and can cause liquifaction [during ground shaking, some sandy, water-saturated soils can behave like liquids rather than solids. See the activity in the Exploratorium website noted below.]
Background below from
During a quake, the squeezing done by the seismic waves happens very quickly, and the water doesn’t have time to flow out of the way of the sand particles. So as the particles try to move into a denser configuration, they push on the water, causing an increase in water pressure.This increased pressure causes the forces at the contact points between the sand particles to decrease. If the water pressure is high enough, it can reduce the interparticle forces to zero, which means that the sand particles ﾒfloatﾓ away from each other. For a brief time, the sand particles are suspended in the water. This is liquefaction. The soilﾕs loss of strength occurs because thereﾕs no contact between the particles of sand.So What?
Many buildings in the San Francisco Bay Area are built on landfill, sand, or mud that can liquefy. Liquefaction caused much of the damage during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. It has also been responsible for major destruction in other quakes, including Kobe, Japan, in 1995 and Mexico City in 1985.
Amplitude of oscillation increasing