1. Animals with some back bone & some without
Chordates
Animals with some back bone
& some without

2. Characteristics of Chordates
Notochord
a rod of vacuolated cells, encased by a firm sheath that lies ventral to the neural tube in the vertebrate embryos and some adults
Hollow nerve cord
that lies dorsal to the notochord
Pharyngeal pouches
become gills in fish
Post-anal tail
an extension of the body past the anal opening
*Endostyle
elongated groove in the pharynx floor of protochordates that may develop as the thyroid gland in chordates

3. In the subphylum Vertebrata, all members possess the 4 chordate characteristics at some time during development. The structures can be greatly altered in the adult animal

5. Protochordates Phylum Hemichordate
Ancesters of the chordates which may or may not possess some or all of the 4 characteristics, living representatives are also called protochordates.
Phylum Hemichordate
Enteropneusta (acorn worms)
2 cm to 1.5 m long
shallow marine waters, in mud or vegetation
solitary filter feeders
well developed gill slits and a stomocord (once thought to be a notocord)
have a dorsal strand of nerve cells (pre-dorsal hollow nerve cord)

6. Protochordates Pterobranchia tiny, deep sea colonial, moss-like
no dorsal nerve cord or notocord
one pair of gill slits

7. Protochordates Phylum Balanoglossus possess gill slits
dorsal nerve cord; also has a ventral nerve cord, the nerve cords are not hollow.
worldwide, shallow seas
few cm up to 2 meters

8. Subphylum Urochordata Tunicates/sea squirts
organism enclosed in a tough, cellulose-like tunic (hence the name)
primitive vertebrate
metamorphoses from mobile larva to a sessile adult
notocord and tail get resorbed
adult and larva differences
larval possess gill slits, nerve cord and notocord
tadpole-like, free-living.
Larval stage last only a few days until it finds an appropriate attachment sight then it metamorphoses
Adult is sessile, siphons water to obtain food.

9. Adult tunicates

11. Subphylum Cephalochordata
Amphioxus
one organism-”Amphioxus” means sharp at both ends
5-8 cm
live on the sea shore
fish-like appearance
has a laterally compressed dorsal fin
incomplete organs
no bony structures
show cephalization

12. Subphylum Vertebrata actively-feeding allows for predatory behavior
most move by lateral undulation of an elongate body

13. Classes of vertebrates
Agnatha-jawless fish
hagfish-order Myxiniform
will self knot to remove slime coat
lampreys-order Petromyzontiform
sucker fish, parasites to fish

14. Chondrichthyes (elasmobranchia) cartilagenous fish
sharks
no swim bladders
scavengers and hunters
whale shark is the largest fish (15m)
usually have 5 gill slits
salty as or more salty than sea water
one type of scale
tail is called cercal because of its irregular shape.
found in all seas
placoid

15. Chondrichthyes skates and rays skates rays flat-bodied rounded tail
in warm and temperate seas
broad, flattened bodies
eyes on upper surface, mouths on lower
counter-shading
filter and regular feeders
pointed tails

16. Osteichthyes bony fish
swim bladders
protrusible jaw
no spiral valve
usually 4 gills
conserve water in kidneys
3 types of scales
operculum
ganoid
cycloid
ctenoid

17. Reptilia marine reptiles
Tetrapods
Turtles
Green (sea)
Loggerhead
Hawksbill
Leatherback
Olive ridley
Kemp’s ridley
Flatback

19. Reptilia marine reptiles
tetrapods
Turtles
Loggerhead
Green (sea)
Hawksbill
Leatherback
Olive ridley
Kemp’s ridley
Flatback
Crocodiles
Alligators
Marine lizards
sea snakes
Galapagos Marine Iguana

20. Mammalia Mammals characteristics warm blooded hair
placenta, mostly (viviparous)
mammary glands
brain is largest compared to body size of all vertebrates

21. Mammalia orders Carnivora - polar bears, sea otters, sea minks
Sirenia - manatees and dugongs
Cetacea - whales, dolphins and porpoises
Odontocetae - toothed whales
Mysticetae - baleen whales
Pinnipedia - sea lions, seals, walruses

22. Aves birds
Adaptations
Buoyancy
Heat loss
Diving
Migration
Senses

23. Aves
Types
Stilt – Legged
Terns and Skimmers

24. Aves
Types
Gulls
Cormorants
Pelicans

25. Aves Types Frigate Birds Penguins Pelagic Birds
Penguins
Pelagic Birds