1. The Urinary System

2. Functions of the Urinary system
Maintain homeostasis of:
Blood
Fluid volume
Blood pressure pH
Removes waste

3. Fluid intake and output
Food, water by mouth
Cellular respiration

4. Fluid intake and output
Voiding (urination)
Micturition (urination)
Sweat
Exhaled vapor
Feces

5. Kidneys Size of your fist Paired organs
Renal Fascia = thin membrane on outside of kidney
anchors the kidney to abdominal wall

6. Kidneys Adipose Capsule = adipose tissue around each kidney
-protects the kidney from
trauma
-holds the kidney firmly in place
Renal Capsule = skin-like covering of tissue surrounding each kidney

7. Kidney (cont) Hilus = where the ureter leaves the kidney
Renal Sinus = a cavity within the kidney by the hilus (contains renal pelvis)
Calyx = channels urine into the renal pelvis

8. Three Major Regions of Kidney
1. Cortex = outer region of the kidney
2. Medulla = middle brownish area of the kidney contain Renal (Medullary) Pyramids = 8 to 18 triangular structures within the medulla
3. Renal Pelvis = region that collects urine

9. The Ureters Tubes that carry urine from kidneys to urinary bladder
Extension of renal pelvis
10 to 12 inches
Primary function is to transport urine
gravity
-hydrostatic pressure
peristaltic action by muscularis layer

10. The Urinary Bladder Hollow muscular organ Stores urine until excretion
Shape depends on how much urine is present
When filled with urine somewhat pear shaped

11. The Urethra Tube leading from bladder to exterior of body
Female-- 1 1/2 in
Male-- 8 in
Internal Sphincter aids in expansion of bladder
External Urethral Sphincter controls urination

12. Urine is made in the kidneys

13. Nephrons Functional units of kidney
Filters blood by removing waste products
Forms urine
Regulates blood fluid and electrolyte balance

14. Components of a Nephron
Renal Corpuscle
contains the Glomerulus and Bowman's Capsule
Renal Tubules
thin twisting ducts of tubes

15. Renal Corpuscle contains: Glomerulus
MAIN FUNCTION IS FILTRATION
Tuft (ball) of capillaries

16. Renal Corpuscle contains: Glomeruler-Bowman’s capsule
Collects fluid
Leads into PCT (proximal convoluted tubule)

17. The Renal Tubules Three main sections:
Proximal Convoluted Tubule --PCT
Loop of Henle
Distal Convoluted Tubule DCT
Surrounded by Peri-Tubular Capillaries
Reabsorption of fluid back into the blood
Secretion of excess ions into urine

18. Urine Production Three process involved in Urine Production
All occur in Nephrons
Glomerular Filtration (blood filtered) – in RENAL CORPUSCLE
Tubular Reabsorption (fluid & electrolytes to blood)—PCT & LOOP OF HENLE
Tubular Secretion (from ( blood tubular fluid) - DCT

20. Physical Characteristics of Urine
Color = yellow or amber
can vary considerably with diet
Turbidity = clear then turns cloudy
Odor = usually odorless, but can smell if left standing

21. Urine Volume Normally one to three quarts per day Influenced by:
Blood Pressure
Blood Concentration
Temperature
Diuretics
Emotions
Hormones

22. Chemical Composition of Urine
Water = 95%
5% solutes from cellular metabolism
Organic Components of Urine
Urea
Uric Acid
Creatine
Hippuric Acid
Ketone Bodies
Others

23. Chemical Composition of Urine
Inorganic Components of Urine
NaCl
Ca++
NH4+
Mg++
PO4(3-)
SO4 (2-)

24. Abnormal Substances in Urine
Glucose
Ketone Bodies in large numbers
Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Billirubin
Large number of microbes

25. Fun Facts
The entire volume of blood in the body is filtered by the kidneys about 60 times each day
Filters about 180 Liters (45 gallons) of fluid a day
Returns over 99% of the fluid back to the body

26. URINARY SYSTEM DISORDERS

27. Cystitis (bladder infection)
An inflammation of the urinary bladder
More common in women than men
Can be caused by injury, infection, or chemicals
Symptoms include burning sensation upon urination, painful urination, frequent urination, urgency, low back pain and possibly bed wetting
Dysuria
Treated with antibiotics

28. Diabetes Insipidus (DI)
Characterized by excretion of large volumes of urine
polyuria
5 to 15 L/day of extremely dilute urine
Caused by an ADH production disorder
hyposecretion of ADH
Patients exhibit extreme thirst (polydipsia)

29. Glomerulonephritis (Bright’s Disease)
Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidneys
Caused by bacterial infection
Can result in kidney failure

30. Incontinence Inability to control urination
Caused by pregnancy, age, childbirth
Medications, muscle retraining and surgery

31. Kidney Stones Also called renal calculi or nephrolithiasis
Calculus or crystalline masses present in the pelvis of the kidney composed primarily of hardened minerals
May be treated with lithotripsy

32. Renal Failure
A decrease or cessation of glomerular filtration (less than 10% of function)
Acute Renal Failure (ARF)
sudden worsening of renal function
may follow a case of hypovolemic shock

33. Renal Failure Chronic Renal Failure (CRF)
progressive, irreversible decline in function
can be caused by chronic glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, congenital polycystic disease

34. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s)
Infection of a part of the urinary system or a abnormally large number of microbes present in the urine
Much more common in females

35. Urinary Tract Infections (UTI’s)
Individuals at risk include:
pregnant women
renal disease
hypertension
diabetes
Symptoms include burning or painful urination, pubic and back pain, chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, etc.

36. THE END