1. Chapter 1: The Science of Biology
1-1 What is Science?
1-2 How Scientists Work?
1-3 Studying Life
1-4Tools and Procedures

2. 1-1 What is Science? It deals only with the __________________
Goal of Science –_________________________________
_______________
Science is unique because:
It deals only with the __________________
Scientists collect and organize information looking for ___________________________between events
Scientists propose ______________ that can be tested by examining _________________
to understand, explain and make predictions
about the natural world
natural world
patterns and connections
explanations
evidence

3. What is Science? Science is a ______________
and the _____________that results from the scientific process
Science is ever changing
New technology and discoveries
lead to new _______________
____________ of old knowledge
Scientists need to be skeptical, open-minded, creative, logical
way of knowing
body of knowledge
knowledge
rejection

4. Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist
Observation: using one or more ____________ (sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch) to gather ______
Data – the _________ gathered from observations
qualitative – _____________
ex. color, texture, smell, taste
quantitative – ____________
ex. amount, size, volume, time
senses
data
information
descriptive
involves numbers

5. Science is a way of knowing Thinking like a Scientist
_____________: using data to make logical conclusions based on prior knowledge and experience.
Samples taken from difference parts of a reservoir were safe and uncontaminated  _______________________________
The animal in that tree has wings that animal can fly
Inference
the water in the reservoir is safe to drink

6. Observation Activity
Write down observations of the object in front of you using any available materials in the class
Quantitative observations
Qualitative observations
Can you make any inferences about the object in front of you?

7. Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence
Hypothesis:
possible explanation for observations or an educated guess __________________to a question
Developed from ______________, logical inferences, ____________
__________________
preliminary explanation
prior knowledge
Informed imagination

8. Science is a way of knowing Explaining and interpreting evidence
Hypothesis
Must be testable via
_______________
Conclusions
__________ hypothesis (accept)
partly true but needs more data
refute hypothesis (_____________)
experimentation
observation
compiling more data
support
reject

9. 1-2 How Scientists Work Testing Hypotheses
Scientists test hypotheses through
______________________or the compiling of data that already exists
The __________________ is used with variations based on which type of test is being done.
We will go through the steps of a __________ experiment
experimentation, observation
Scientific method
controlled

10. 1-2 How Scientists Work Designing an Experiment Asking a Question
________________ of the natural world lead to questions
Ex. ____________________________
Forming a Hypothesis
A ____________________________for a question or phenomenon
_______________
Observations
Redi: Where do maggots come from?
Testable proposed explanation
Redi: Maggots come from flies laying small eggs

11. Designing an Experiment
Setting up a Controlled Experiment
A good experiment
repeatable
_____ sample size
_________ data or _________qualitative data
tests one dependent variable at a time
large
measurable
defined

12. Designing an Experiment
Something that can be different/varied
Testing variables
__________ – the variables that are kept the same
Independent (__________) – the variable that is ______________ to test a result
Dependent (responding) – the variable that ___________. The variable that is being _________.
Controlled Variables
manipulated
changed on purpose
Changes in response
tested

13. Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
Section 1-2
Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
CONTROLLED VARIABLES:
jars, type of meat,
location, temperature,
time
Several
days pass
INDEPENDENT VARIABLES
Manipulated:
gauze covering that
keeps flies away from
meat
DEPENDENT VARIABLE
Responding:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

14. Designing an Experiment
Recording Data
_____________ are used to record and organize data
Computers or laboratory notebooks are used to ___________
Analyzing results
Results are analyzed using ___________
_________________
________ Graph – compares data sets
________ Graph – shows trends
Data Tables
keep data
statistics, graphs and charts
Bar
Line

15. Designing an Experiment
Drawing Conclusions
_______________ Hypothesis
Infer information based on results
Publishing Results
______________ allows for other scientists to
___________ experiments or test hypothesis in different ways
Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur
determine whether the experiment
_____________________
______________ information with others
Accept or reject
Peer Review
repeat
was done properly
share

16. Development of a Theory
A well tested ____________ for natural events
A well tested ____________________
_____________ that are supported and widely accepted may become a theory
The ____________________ developed from scientists attempting to test the idea of spontaneous generation
explanation
hypothesis or group of
hypotheses
Theory of Biogenesis

18. Development of a Theory
Some major theories in Science
These theories are the way we _________ different aspects of Science
No theory is _______________. As new evidence arises the theories can shift to account for new knowledge.
Ptolemaic Model (_______________ solar system) vs. Copernican Model (___________ solar system)
Cell Theory, Evolution, Germ Theory of Disease, Plate Tectonics, The Big Bang
explain
absolute truth/fact
Earth centered
sun centered

19. Characteristics of Living Things
Review of Section 1-3:
Characteristics of Living Things
Section 1-3
Characteristics of Living Things
Characteristic
Examples
Living things are made up of units called cells.
Many microorganisms consist of only a single cell. Animals and trees are multicellular.
Living things reproduce.
Maple trees reproduce sexually. A hydra can reproduce asexually by budding.
Living things are based on a universal genetic code.
Flies produce flies. Dogs produce dogs. Seeds from maple trees produce maple trees.
Living things grow and develop.
Flies begin life as eggs, then become maggots, and then become adult flies.
Living things obtain and use materials and energy.
Plants obtain their energy from sunlight. Animals obtain their energy from the food they eat.
Living things respond to their environment.
Birds migrate in response to changes in weather.
Living things maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis).
Despite changes in the temperature of the environment, a robin maintains a constant body temperature.
Taken as a group, living things change over time.
Plants that live in the desert survive because they have become adapted to the conditions of the desert.

20. Review continued: Levels of Organization
Figure Levels of Organization
Section 1-3
Biosphere
The part of Earth
that contains all
ecosystems
Biosphere
Ecosystem
Community and
its nonliving
surroundings
biotic/abiotic
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air
Community
Populations that
live together in a
defined area
Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass
Population
Group of
organisms of one
type that live in
the same area
Bison herd

21. Levels of Organization continued
Section 1-3
Levels of Organization continued
Organism
Individual living
thing
Bison
Tissues, organs,
and organ systems
Groups of
Cells
Nervous tissue
Brain
Nervous system
Smallest functional
unit of life
Cells
Nerve cell
Groups of atoms;
smallest unit of
most chemical
compounds
Molecules
Water
DNA

22. 5 Kingdoms Ex. Mushroom, yeast, athletes foot
Multicellular, (unicellular)
Not mobile
Cannot make own food
Ex. Human, cat, horse
Multicellular
mobile
Cannot make own food
Ex. Carrot, Tree, Rose
Multicellular
Not mobile
Makes own food
5 Kingdoms of Living Things
Animal (Ex. humans, cats, horses)
More than one cell
Can move
Cannot make own food
Plant (Ex. tree, carrot, rose)
Cannot move
Can make own food
Fungus (Ex. mushrooms, yeast, mold)
Protist (Ex. amoeba, paramecium, algae)
Single cell
More complex parts
Moneran (Ex. bacteria)
Very simple parts
Ex. Ameoba, Algae
Unicellular, (Multicellular)
Some mobile
Some make own food
Ex. Bacteria (Prokaryote)
Unicellular
Some mobile
Some make own food

23. 1-4 Tools and Procedures The Metric System
In everyday life you may use the Standard system
inches, pounds, feet , miles
this system is not standardized and is difficult to work with
In Science the ______________ is used (aka: SI, International System of Units)
__________ system where units are scaled by factors of _________
a factor of 10 is one decimal place
metric
Decimal 10

24. The Metric System Appropriate Tool ruler balance graduated cylinder
thermometer

25. ** as the units get smaller the number gets bigger**
The Metric System
80,000 cm
800,000,000 µm
6,000,000 mg
6kg

26. Tools and Procedures Analyzing Biological Data
Data Table: ____________ data
Graph: __________ data
Makes patterns easier to recognize
Makes it easier to compare data sets
organizes
displays

27. dependent variables (y axis) independent variable (x axis)
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
Time
Absorbed
by Roots
(g/h)
Released
by Leaves
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM 5 2 10 14 9 6 4 1 12 17 16 3
Water released by leaves
Water absorbed by roots
Relative Rates (g/h) 20 15
Practice reading graphs and data tables:
According to the data table, what time of day do leaves release the most water?
The least amount of water?
2. According to the graph, what time is the amount of water released
by leaves equal to the water absorbed by roots?
Do roots absorb more water during the morning or evening?
Give a logical explanation as to why this is the case.

28. Microscopes light electron
Microscopes: magnify structures too small to see with the naked eye
_____________
Microscopes
light
electron
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Focus
Light and 2 Lenses
Beams of Electrons
Magnification
1,000X
1,000,000X
Object Size
.2 micrometer (µm) or larger
cells and tiny organisms
.2 µm or smaller
Unique Characteristics
Uses chemical stains to show structures of organisms
Light allows you to observe the object unchanged as well
Specimens must be dead because they are dehydrated and place in a vacuum
SEM- whole specimen, 3D of outside
TEM-thin section
Types
Compound Light Microscopes
SEM – Scanning Electron Microscope
TEM – Transmission Electron Microscope

29. Spallanzani’s Experiment

30. Pasteur’s Experiment Broth is boiled. Broth is free of microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed.
Broth is
teeming with microorganisms.

31. SEM: Nerve axon terminal with vesicles exposed.

32. Compound Light – chloroplasts in mesophyll cells

33. TEM: Myelinated axon