1. UNIT V COMPUTER APPLICATIONS IN MEDICAL FIELD

2. BIO MEDICAL TELEMETRY:
Measurement of biological parameters over long distance
Involves radio frequency as a carrier for modulation radio telemetry

3. Elements of bio telemetry:

4. Transducers: ECG, EEG, EMG Electrodes Temperature thermistor
BP Strain gauge
pH Glass Electrode

5. Design: Fidelity, simplicity Should not affect the living system
Small and light
More stability and reliability
LPC
High CMRR
Less noise

6. Radio Telemetry systems:
Transmission and reception
Two types
Single channel telemetry system
Multi channel telemetry system

7. Single channel telemetry system:

8. Transmission of variables:
Active measurements: without excitation voltage.
ECG, EMG, EEG
Passive measurements : indirect measurements
BP, temperature, blood flow

9. Tunnel diode FM transmitter:
For the transmission of ECG, EEG, EMG, respiration rate

10. Specifications: Radio frequency : 100 to 250 MHz
Frequency range: 0.01 Hz to 20 KHz
Input impedance: 300 KΩ to mega Ωs
Temperature stability of carrier frequency : 0.05 %/ᵒC

11. Advantages: High fidelity High sensitivity 1.44 gm Small size
No shield room is needed
Interference is much less

12. Hartley type FM transmitter:
Two stages : driver amplifier and oscillator circuit

13. Pulsed Hartley oscillator:
Transmission of temperature
Advantages:
Simple circuit
LPC (5 µW to 10 µW)
Drawbacks:
Error due to power variation
interference

14. Radio telemetry with sub carrier system:

15. Need for sub carrier system:
To avoid loading of the signal
At receiver, recovers the sub carrier carrying the signal

16. Multi channel telemetry system:
Simultaneous recording of bio signals
Multiplexing is necessary

17. FDM:

18. TDM:

19. Advantages: Over long period of analysis No disturbance to patient
Future reference
Monitor athletes
Monitor astronauts

20. Problems: Size and weight Body reaction Power supply
Protection from body fluid

21. EEG: Electrical activity of brain Electro Encephalo Graphy
Electrodes placed on scalp
Parts:
Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
Spinal cord

22. Anatomy of brain:

23. Hemisphere: Frontal lobe Intelligence Parietal lobe
Afferent (muscle to brain)and efferent nerves (brain to muscles)
Temporal lobe:
Audio sensory and long term memory
Occipital lobe: vision

24. Types of Electrode Placement
10-20 System Of Electrode Placement
10-10 System Of Electrode Placement

25. Block diagram of EEG measurement:

26. Modes of recording: Unipolar: with respect to the reference electrode
Average mode: (Wilson mode) : potential of 1 electrode with respect to average of all other
Bipolar mode: successive pair of electrodes

28. EEG Waves alpha (3 – 18Hz): occipital awake, closed eyes
beta (18 – 22Hz): parietal & frontal awake, alert; REM sleep
gamma (> 22Hz): temporal memory
delta (0.5 – 4 Hz): cortex deep sleep
theta (4 – 8Hz): parietal and temporal infants, sleeping adults

29. Applications of ECG: Epilepsy Anesthetic level Brain injury
Monitor during surgery
Effect of yoga

30. Radio pills
A device used in biotelemetry for monitoring the physiologic activity
Sensors of pH, temperature and pressure
Gives continues informations
Approved by bio engineering lab

31. Block diagram Transducer Oscillator and transmitter
Transmitting aerial
Receiving aerial
Receiver
Demodulator
Recorders (or) indications

32. Latest trends in diagnosis and theraphy
Common disease : heart failure
Disease mechanisms and its progression, common causes, risk factors, signs, symptoms and treatments
Diastolic heart failure
Systolic heart failure
Major risk factors : diabetes mellitus, high cholesterol, obesity and smoking

33. Symptoms:
Right sided heart failure: fluid backing up in the body --- edema (swelling) in lips
Left sided heart failure : fluid backing up in the lungs

34. NYHA (New York heart association function)
Classification:
S. No
Stages
NYHA (New York heart association function)
ACC/AHA ( American college of cardiology and the American heart association) 1
I / A
No limitation of activities
High risk 2
II / B
Slight, mild limitation of activity
Structural abnormalities without the development of symptoms 3
III / C
Marked limitation of activity
Decreased ejection factor 4
IV / D
Activity severely limited
End stage, refractory heart failure

35. Physiological monitoring system in space station
Wearable sensors + WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) --- acquires data and transmits to a remote monitoring station continuosly.
Base station
Simple
Tiny
Inexpensive
Battery : reliable

36. Modules 3 modules Sensor nodes
Wearable data acquisition and processing hardware
Remote monitoring station

37. Architecture:

38. Components: Sensor node Power supply Preconditioning
Wearable data acquisition hardware (sink node)
Interaction with sensor node
Antenna, transceiver, processor, memory, display etc.
Remote monitoring station (alarm, display)

39. Remote arrhythmia monitoring system (AMS)
Collects Real time ECG through GSM with GPS.
Long time monitoring
Panic button alert from patient :: call centre personnel able to dispatch ambulance services

40. Role of expert systems:
Problem solving and decision making system based on knowledge and logical rules
Acquisition mode
Rule based reasoning
Data base
Interference engine
Knowledge base

41. Contd.
Acquisition mode:Converts real time data into computer based data
Rule based reasoning:
user friendly and may be intelligent
Data base:
Data connected to public database
Interference engine:
Analyses and processes the rules

42. Knowledge base: If : condition Then : action New fact can be added
Chained together

43. Pattern recognition systems
Finger print
Hand written word
Human face
Observe, distinguish and decision taken
Application:
Finger print and biometric recognition
Cancer detection

44. e-health Intersection of medical informatics, public health. ehealth=
medicine+communication+information+society
ehealth is the cost effective and secure use of information and communication technologies in support of health and health related fields, including health care services, health surveillance, health literature and health education, knowledge and research

45. VLSI design tools in medical applications
Brain-machine interface (BMI)
Ultra low power circuits
Micropower neural amplifier:
To maintain large over drive voltages
To minimize noise

46. Architecture of adaptive micro power amplifier

47. Advantages:
Highly power efficient
Universal accessibility

48. Assignment 2 Discuss the EEG signal analysis
Application of VLSI design tools in medical field.
Last date: till 4.00 PM
Fill the index properly
Internal 3: unit 3 and unit 5