1. GERUNDS AND GERUNDIVES
The “Gerundive of Obligation” is used with a form of “sum” and called, “The Passive Periphrastic”
ex. mihi effugendum est.
“I must flee.”
TRANSLATIONS:
gerundive + est = “must ”
gerundive + erat = “had to”
gerundive + erit = “will have to /must”
The Gerundive can also be used with an Infinitive in an Indirect Statement.
TRANSLATION:
gerundive + esse = “must”
gerundive + fuisse = “had to”
gerundive + futurum esse = “will have to”
NOTA BENE: GERUNDIVES must MODIFY a NOUN in GENDER, NUMBER, and CASE. If is doesn’t, it is a………..

2. ANSWERS…………………………………..
GERUNDS
DEFINITION – verbal NOUN;
TRANSLATION - “verbing”
e.g. Running is tiring.**
e.g. We love dancing!
e.g. By overeating, you get fat.
FORMS – genitive, dative, accusative, ablative… SINGULAR, 2nd DECLENSION!!!
ex. amō, amāre, amavī, amatus – to love
Nominative – use an infinitive** (“running” is the subject i.e. Nom.)
Genitive – amandī
Dative – amandō
Accusative – amandum
Ablative – amandō
Go back to the ENGLISH examples above and determine the case for the GERUND in each sentence.
ANSWERS…………………………………..

3. FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS
GERUNDS:TRANSLATIONS: SAME AS NOUNS!!!! BASED ON THE CASE OF THE NOUN!!!!!
1. nominative – thus an infinitive is used: currere
(in Latin, we don’t have a nominative gerund so we use an infinitive instead.
(ex. errare est humanum. – To Err is human. Or Making a mistake is human)
2. accusative – saltandum
3. dative - saltandō
4. ablative (by) – cenandō
GERUNDIVES + ad/causā
“for the sake/purpose of;” “to…”
PRACTICE:Translate and give the case of each gerund.
ea discit faciendō.
is amat currendum.
amorem legendī habet.
nunc est tempus dicendō, sed ubi doceō, est tempus tacendō.