1. Bioenergetics I. Introduction A. Definition B. History
1. Count Rumford (1798) work versus heat studies, cannon boring
2. S. Carnot (1824) work depends on the temperature, cyclic engine
3. J. Joule (1842) established equivalence of work and heat (Joule)
4. R. Classius (1850) states the first two laws of thermodynamics

2. 5. J. Gibbs (1878) proposed free energy or system energy to perform work when To and pressure are uniform throughout a system called Free Energy
6. L. Boltzman late 19th century, proposed energy existed as packets based on particles he called atoms, started fields of thermodynamics and kinetics. Committed suicide in 1906 because no one believed him.
7. A. Einstein late 1905 atoms held the energy (basis for almost all energy equations)
8. E. Rutherford (1910) and N. Bohr (1912) would design the shape and structure of an atom.

3. II. Biological System Energy
A. Energy Forms
1. Potential Energy = Stored Energy
2. Kinetic Energy = Motion Energy

4. B. Energy Laws
1. Law of Conservation, Constancy, or Quantity of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transformed.
Figure 5.10
2. Law of Order, Organization, or Quality of Energy
Energy moves from a state of order to a state of disorder.
Figure 5.10

5. The basis for life on earth is bound to this diagram.
Figure 6.1

6. C. Energy Reactions
1. Spontaneous Reactions (Predicting reaction spontaneity = Free Energy  (ΔG) Gibb’s Equation)
ΔG = free energy
ΔH = enthalpy
ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
ΔS = entropy
T = absolute temperature

7. 2. Exergonic reactions = releases free energy
3. Endergonic reactions = absorbs free energy
Figure 5.11A & B

8. 4. Oxidation reactions = The loss of electrons, hydrogen atoms, or energy
5. Reduction reactions = The gain of electrons, hydrogen atoms, or energy

9. III. Biological Energy Carrier = ATP
1. ATP Structure
2. ATP Cycling
Figure 8.8
Figure 5.12C

10. 3. ATP Coupled Reactions (the process of combining a reaction that yields energy to one that needs energy to proceed)
Figure 5.12B

11. IV. Enzymes A. Definition B. History
1. L. Pasteur vs. J. von Leibig (1890’s) Fermentation needs intact cells or not?
2. E. Buchner late 1890’s Yeast yield EtOH and CO2 from catalyst in cells (yeast) coined the term “enzyme”
3. J. Sumner (1926) isolated crystalline protein called urease

12. C. Function
1. Overview
2. How?
Page 93

13. 3. Mechanism
Page 93
Figure 5.14

14. 4. Environmental Effects (To, pH, & Competition)
Figure 5.15A
Figure 8.16

15. 5. Regulation (Allosteric & Feedback Inhibition)
Figure 5.15B