1. States of Matter Fluids Behavior of Gases
Chapter 3- States Of Matter
States of Matter
Fluids
Behavior of Gases

2. Kinetic Molecular Theory
KMT
All mater is made of atoms and molecules that act like partilces
Particles of matter are always in motion.
The kinetic energy (speed) of these particles increases as temperature increases.

3. B. Four States of Matter Solids
low KE - particles vibrate but can’t move around
definite shape & volume
crystalline - repeating geometric pattern
amorphous - no pattern (e.g. glass, wax)

4. B. Four States of Matter Liquids
higher KE - particles can move around but are still close together
indefinite shape
definite volume

5. B. Four States of Matter Gases
high KE - particles can separate and move throughout container
indefinite shape & volume

6. B. Four States of Matter Plasma
very high KE - particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles (+/-)
gas-like, indefinite shape & volume
Conduct electric current
stars, fluorescent light bulbs, TV tubes

7. C. Thermal Expansion
Most matter expands when heated & contracts when cooled.
Total thermal energy= total
kinetic energy
 Temp causes  KE. Particles collide with more force & spread out.
Thermal energy also depends on # of particles in substance

8. melting point = freezing point
Phase Changes
Melting
solid to liquid
Freezing
liquid to solid
melting point = freezing point

9. Phase Changes Vaporization (boiling)
liquid to gas at the boiling point
Evaporation
liquid to gas below the boiling point
Condensation
gas to liquid

10. Phase Changes Sublimation solid to gas
EX: dry ice, freeze drying, iodine

11. Phase Changes

12. Conservation of Mass and Energy
When water boils, # of molecules stays the same even as the liquid water loses volume. The mass of steam is the same of the mass of evaporated water
Mass cannot be created or destroyed; it can be transformed

13. Fluids
Fluids= states of matter that have the ability to flow (ones without definite volume)
Liquids and Gases are Fluids

14. Fluids and Pressure
What kind of fluids can you think of related to pressure?
Blood pressure, air pressure, water pressure
Fluids exert pressure evenly in all directions
Pressure is the amount of force per unit area
Pressure=Force/Area
SI Unit = Pascal

15. Buoyancy Force of a fluid that pushes up on an object.
Makes the object seem lighter
Why most of
your toys didn’t sink
in the bathtub

16. Properties of Fluids How does a ship float?
Buoyancy – the ability of a fluid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.

17. Archimedes Principle There are 2 ways objects can float:
1) If the buoyant force on an object is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.
2) If the density of the object is less than the density of the liquid.
What is the density of water?
1 g/ml
Will gasoline, with a density of 0.7 g/ml float or sink in water?
It will float!

18. Archimedes’ Principle
Found that the buoyant force equals the weight of the fluid displaced by an object
In other words…the weight of the fluid that has been pushed out of the way

19. Why do Ships Float
If the weight of the water displaced is less than the weight of the object, the object will sink
Otherwise the object will float, with the weight of the water displaced equal to the weight of the object.
Archimedes' Principle explains why steel ships float.
Steel is more dense than water, so why do ships float?

21. Example
An object weighs 20N. It displaces a volume that weighs 15N. What is the buoyant force on the object? Will the Object float or sink?
Buoyant force=weight of water displaced
Buoyant force=15N
Object will sink because its weight is greater than the buoyant force acting on it

22. Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle: The pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted throughout the fluid
Example: When you squeeze one end of toothpaste, toothpaste emerges from the other end.
Viscosity: Resistance of a
fluid to flow
Water vs. Syrup
What happens to viscosity
if you increase temperature?

23. Fluid Flow Viscosity A resistance to flow by a fluid
Water has a low viscosity; it can flow easily
Corn syrup has a high viscosity; it flows slowly
Temperature affects the viscosity of a fluid
Heated items flow faster
Colder items flow slower

24. Bernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s Principle: As the velocity (speed) of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreases.
Example: Airplanes, Birds Frisbees

25. Demonstrating Bernoulli’s Principle
Take your piece of paper and blow on the top of the paper. What happened to your paper?
It lifted up
This demonstrates Bernoulli’s principle because the velocity of the air you blew over the paper was greater than that of the quiet air below it, which caused the pressure pushing down on the paper lower then the pressure pushing up on the paper
V P = V P

26. How Airplanes Use Bernoulli’s Principle
As a plane is moving forward the air passing over the wing has a higher velocity then the air below the wing, more pressure pushing up on the wing the pushing down
This
causes a
plane to
fly

27. Gases

28. Properties of Gases No definite shape or volume
Gas particles move rapidly in all directions
Gas molecules are in constant motion and frequently collide with one another and their container
Gases have a very low density because particles are so far apart
Gases are compressible
Gases spread out easily and mix with one another.
Gases are mostly empty space

29. Gases Gases exert pressure on their containers
Gases will try to escape containers when possible
Let’s look at a balloon…
When the internal pressure inside the balloon became to great, it popped!

30. Gas Laws
For temperature values with gas laws…we have to use Kelvin instead of degrees Celsius
0ºC= K
Ex. Find the temperature in units of Kelvin if it is at 25ºC
=298.15K

31. The Gas Laws Boyle’s Law P V Relates pressure and volume
For a fixed amount of gas at constant temperature, volume increases as pressure decreases
As volume decreases, pressure increases
Inversely Related

32. Gas Laws Charles’ Law Relates temperature to volume
For a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, as volume increases temperature increases
As volume decreases, temperature decreases
Directly related V T

33. Gas Laws Gay-Lussac’s Law Relates pressure to temperature
For a fixed amount of gas at constant volume, as pressure increases temperature increases
As temperature decreases, pressure decreases
Directly related P T

34. Gas Law Problems BOYLE’S LAW P V
A gas occupies 100 mL at 150 kPa. Find its volume at 200 kPa.
BOYLE’S LAW
GIVEN:
V1 = 100. mL
P1 = 150. kPa
V2 = ?
P2 = 200. kPa P V
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(150.kPa)(100.mL)=(200.kPa)V2
V2 = 75.0 mL
C. Johannesson

35. Gas Law Problems CHARLES’ LAW T V
A gas occupies 473 cm3 at 36°C. Find its volume at 94°C.
CHARLES’ LAW
GIVEN:
V1 = 473 cm3
T1 = 36°C = 309K
V2 = ?
T2 = 94°C = 367K T V
WORK:
P1V1T2 = P2V2T1
(473 cm3)(367 K)=V2(309 K)
V2 = 562 cm3
C. Johannesson