1. Warm-up: write everything you know about the atom
I’ll pass back the final Friday

2. The Atom: What is it
Building block of all matter. Matter: Anything that has mass and takes up space (volume)
Atom: Smallest possible unit into which matter can be divided, while still maintaining its properties.
So Small:
a human hair is about 1 million carbon atoms wide.
a typical human cell contains roughly 1 trillion (1X1012) atoms.
This cup of water weighs 83g . 2.8X1024 atoms.
1 trillion atoms 

3. The Atom: Structure Made up Protons(+), Neutrons, and Electrons(-).
Protons and neutrons are 1840 time larger than
the electron.
Protons(+): Positive charged particles in the nucleus = atomic #
In the nucleus, equal to the # of electrons, contributes to atomic mass.
Neutrons have no charge, in the nucleus, contributes to atomic mass.
Electrons(-) Outside the nucleus, orbit the nucleus in levels, move so fast
they create an electron cloud, mass is insignificant compared to protons and neutrons,
involved in forming chemical bonds, equal to the number of protons.
Carbon Atom
Atomic # 6

4. Elements and the periodic table
Element is the pure substance of one type of atom.
The periodic table is a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements, ordered by their atomic number, electron configurations(levels) and recurring chemical properties. As you go left to right and down the table you increase atomic number and mass.

5. Chemical Bonding. Atoms combine to form chemical bonds.
2 main type of bonds are ionic and covalent.
Ionic is where atoms transfer electrons to create positive and negative atoms(ions) to form bonds. NaCl which is sodium chloride is an example.
Covalent bonds are where elements
share electrons. most atom combinations
are molecules.

6. Compounds and Molecules
Compound is when 2 or more elements combine to form chemical bonds.
Molecule is when 2 or more atoms combine to form covalent bonds. Do not have an electrical charge. Molecule is also known as a molecular compound
All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
O2 gas is a molecule but not a compound, why?
These newly chemical bonds have different chemical properties and a chemical formula: when H2 hydrogen gas and O2 oxygen gas combine they form H2O Water which has different properties than the 2 gasses

7. Organic Compounds Compounds that contain CARBON are called organic.
Macromolecules are large organic molecules.
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer shell.
Carbon can form covalent bonds with as many as 4 other atoms (elements).
Usually with C, H, O or N.
Example: CH4(methane)

8. Macromolecules Large organic molecules. Also called POLYMERS.
Made up of smaller “building blocks” called MONOMERS.
Examples:
1. Carbohydrates
2. Lipids
3. Proteins
4. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

9. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide
B. disaccharide
C. polysaccharide

10. Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules to large sugar molecules.
Examples:
A. monosaccharide; one sugar unit; eg glucose (C6H12O6)
B. disaccharide; sugar unit, eg Sucrose (glucose+fructose)
C. polysaccharide; many sugar units, eg starch (bread, potatoes)

11. Monosaccharides and Disaccharides
Dehydration-----

12. Polysaccharides

16. Lipids General term for compounds which are not soluble in water.
Lipids are soluble in hydrophobic solvents.
Remember: “stores the most energy”
Examples: 1. Fats
2. Phospholipids
3. Oils
4. Waxes
5. Steroid hormones
6. Triglycerides

17. Lipids Stopped here 1/8/18! Glycerol------ Six functions of lipids:
1. Long term energy storage
2. Protection against heat loss (insulation)
3. Protection against physical shock
4. Protection against water loss
5. Chemical messengers (hormones)
6. Major component of membranes(phospholipids)
Triglycerides: composed of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids.
Stopped here 1/8/18!
Glycerol------

18. Fatty Acids 2 kinds: 1.Saturated fatty acids: no double bonds (bad)
2.Unsaturated fatty acids: double bonds (good)

19. Proteins (Polypeptides)
Amino acids (20 different kinds of aa) bonded together by peptide bonds (polypeptides).
Six functions of proteins:
1. Storage: albumin (egg white)
2. Transport: hemoglobin
3. Regulatory: hormones
4. Movement: muscles
5. Structural: membranes, hair, nails
6. Enzymes: cellular reactions

22. Catalyst - substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction
Catalyst - substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction Living organisms contain enzymes, which are catalysts Enzymes - with few exceptions, they are proteins. Made of amino acids. Enzymes are used for digestion, respiration, reproduction, vision, movement, and thought. Substrate - reactions that are affected by an enzyme Active Site - region where substrate binds to the enzyme

25. Nucleic Acids Two types: a. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA-double helix)
b. Ribonucleic acid (RNA-single strand)
Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides linked by dehydration synthesis.

28. Macromolecules Virtual Lab
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats are all essential nutrients. We cannot manufacture these nutrients so we must obtain them from our environment In this lab, with the use of indicators as chemical detection tools, you will analyze a variety of foods for the presence of nutrients. Detection is based upon observing a chemical change that takes place most often a change in color.

29. Objective
Identify the presence of major nutrients such as simple carbohydrates (glucose), complex carbohydrates (starch), protein, and fat in common foods using chemical Indicators.
Indicators are chemical compounds used to detect the presence of other compounds.

30. Process: On your chrome books GoTo: http://www.occc.edu/biologylabs/
Or google biology labs online and click the site that has “occc” in it.
Then click on “Organic Molecules”
Follow the detailed instructions for testing macromolecules.
In Part 1 you will be observing the positive and negative results of testing specific macromolecules using indicators.
In Part 2 you will be observing the results of testing foods for macromolecules with indicators and using part 1’s results to determine which macromolecule(s) are present.

31. Goals Describe heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation
Describe conversion of mechanical energy into heat
Describe the second law of thermodynamics and how it relates to electricity

32. January 11 Warm-up

33. Indicator Test Results
MACRO-MOLECULE
NEGATIVE TEST
POSITIVE TEST
Benedict’s solution
simple carbohydrate
blue
orange
Iodine solution
complex carbohydrate
dark red
black
Biuret solution
protein
violet, black
Sudan IV
lipid
reddish- orange

34. Questions What are Indicators?
are chemical compounds used to detect the presence of other compounds.

35. Why does the solution turn black when the starch is added?

36. What is a Standard?
An acknowledged measure of comparison for quantitative or qualitative value; a criterion.

37. Test for Simple Carbohydrates Benedict’s solution
Benedict's solution is a chemical indicator for simple sugars such as glucose: C6H12O6.
Aqua blue: negative test; yellow/green/brick red, etc.: positive test

38. Test for Complex Carbohydrates Lugol’s solution
IKI solution  (Iodine Potassium Iodine) color change = blue to black

39. Test for Complex Carbohydrates Lugol’s Iodine Solution
Iodine solution is an indicator for a molecule called starch.
Starch is a huge molecule made up of hundreds of simple sugar molecules (such as glucose) connected to each other.

40. Test for Protein (amino acids) Biuret solution
Biuret solution  dark violet blue to pinkish purple

41. Test for Fats (lipids) Sudan IV
Like lipids, the chemical Sudan IV is not soluble in water; it is, however, soluble in lipids.
In this test dark red Sudan IV is added to a solution along with ethanol to dissolve any possible lipids.
If lipids are present the Sudan IV will stain them reddish-orange (positive test).

42. Test for Fats (lipids) Sudan IV
If lipids are present the Sudan IV will stain them reddish-orange (positive test).

43. Why didn’t the test tube containing sucrose change colors?
Question
Why didn’t the test tube containing sucrose change colors?
Because Sucrose (C12H22O11) is NOT a simple sugar; Benedict’s only tests for simple sugars.

44. Why didn’t the test tube containing starch change colors?
Question
Why didn’t the test tube containing starch change colors?
Because Starch is NOT a simple sugar; Benedict’s only tests for simple sugars.