1. Cultural Geography of Africa South of the Sahara
Chapter 21
Cultural Geography of Africa South of the Sahara

2. Section 1 Population patterns
Population of Africa south of the Sahara will double in 35 years.

3. Growing population in Africa

5. Population Density in Africa
Why do people live where they live?
Nile River
Sahara Desert
Congo River
West African Coast
People are crowded along the coasts for water and fertile soil

6. Nigeria-most populous country South of the Sahara
million people
By 50 years=300 million people

7. AIDS 70% of all AIDS cases in the world are in Africa
By 2000, 17 million Africans had already died of AIDS
Only 1 in 3 people receive treatment for AIDS.
Number of orphans due to AIDS, alive in 2007
South Africa
1,400,000
Uganda
1,200,000
Nigeria
Zimbabwe
1,000,000
Tanzania
970,000
Ethiopia
650,000
Zambia
600,000
Malawi
560,000
Côte d'Ivoire
420,000

8. AIDS orphans in Bukati, Kenya

9. Population and food production
70% of people are farmers in Sub-Saharan Africa
Mainly subsistence and cash-crop
Producing less, eating less, while population has tripled
Problems are over-production, drought, lack of fertile soil
Ethiopia

10. High Death Rates…Why? Lack of clean drinking water
Lack of sanitation-no sewage for waste disposal
Increased risk of malaria and AIDS
Example: Zimbabwe life expectancy fallen from 65 to 41 due to AIDS

11. Impact of Aids of life expectancy

12. Problems created by decrease in life expectance
Shortage of workers (farmers and industrial)
Orphans as parents die off
Lack of guidance from adults
Africa will have 10 million AIDS orphans by 2010

13. Diverse Population Over 3000 ethnic groups
Europeans, south Asians, Arabs, mixed descent
Country boundary are political, but usually don’t disrupt daily tribal life
Sena tribe located in Zambia
Zibabwe, Malawi, and trade in
Mozambuque

14. European Africa

15. Urbanization in Sub-Saharan Africa
Only 30% live in cities
Fastest growing urbanization in world
Leave for cities to find better jobs, health care, public services (education, sanitation, garbage collection)
service centers spread out into countryside to provide easy access for rural dwellers
Most major cities lie on coast

16. Section 2 History and Government
There was no written history of Africa tens of thousands of years ago
Early painting are the only record
Found all over Africa from Niger to Namibia
In caves and exposed rocks
Weathering and human intervention has caused much damage

17. First Civilizations
In northern Africa, people had learned to farm and domesticate animals
As climate became too dry they migrated to southern Africa taking farming skills w/ them
Egypt in north east Africa remained fertile and began to conquer other cultures, such as the Kush

18. Kingdom of Kush
After 1000 BC, gained more power and over threw Egyptian rule
Kushites were Caucasian, but the region around its new capital, Meroe, were a land of dark-skinned people.
Soon intermarried and extended kingdom to what is now Sudan.

19. Axum Conquered trade routes of Kushites around 300 AD
Located in present day Ethiopia
Very powerful trading empire

20. Kingdom of Ghana Grew rich trading gold for salt 700 AD
Capital at Kumbi
Gold plentiful
Used tax collection and charged tariffs

21. Kingdoms of Mali and Songhai
Timbuktu, capital of Mali; very wealthy
Also used gold for salt trade
Songhai took over Mali and lasted until about 1600
Songhai taken over by Moroccans
Kingdoms of Mali and Songhai

22. Bantu Migration
Bantu speaking peoples migrated and est. settlements by 800 AD
Spread across 1/3 of continent
150 million Bantu speakers today

23. European slave trade in Africa
Slave trade existed in Africa since 800 AD when Arabs took slaves to Islamic world
Slave trade increased when Europeans took slaves to Americas to work on plantations (sugar, tobacco, rice, cotton)
African kingdoms in the interior sold people to Europeans to be sent to the West Indies
Passage to the Americas was called the Middle Passage

24. European imperialism in Africa
European nations saw Africa as a source for raw materials and new markets
By 1914, all of Africa had been divided except for Ethiopia, Liberia, and South Africa
South Africa was under the dominion of the British.
Africa was divided across ethnic homelands and set up to be a war.
Trade and tradition were disrupted

25. Many African nations seek independence in the mid-1900s
Still used European boundaries and divided people who were ethnically similar
Still had economies that did not benefit African needs
Created situations that fostered civil war as leaders seek control

26. Nigeria Nigeria’s problems began during British rule of 1914
Britain created Nigeria from smaller ethnic and religious groups-all wanting power
Conflict arose between Islamic influence in the north and Christian influence in the south
1960s Nigeria gains independence, but civil war erupted
Today at peace, but still struggling to move from military to democratic rule
A child suffering the effects of severe hunger and malnutrition. The effects of the blockade. Pictures of the famine caused by Nigerian blockade garnered sympathy for the Biafrans worldwide.

27. South Africa Whites were in minority, but ran the gov.
Imposed policy called Apartheid-legal separation of the races
Apartheid legally classified races: Blacks lost citizenship, forced to live in “homelands”, took voting rights except in homelands, created inferior educational system that prepared blacks to be laborers only
Nelson Mandela led fight to end Apartheid, was held in jail for 27 years, and was eventually elected South Africa’s first black president in 1994-the first election in which all people could vote

28. How bad was Apartheid?

29. Apartheid

30. Apartheid

31. South African voting lines

32. Section 3 Culture and Lifestyles

33. Language Over 800 different languages are spoken in Africa
Swahili, Zulu, and Kongo are all Bantu-related languages and dominate central and south Africa

34. Religions Dominant religions in Africa are Christian and Muslim
Christianity grew in Africa along the coasts as they had more contact with Europeans
Most Muslims live along the West Africa
Nigeria has the largest Islamic population of any nation in sub-Saharan Africa

35. Traditional religions in Africa
Numerous and diverse with common elements like belief in supreme deity with ranked order of lesser gods.
Also believe in existence of natural spirits and honor dead relatives and ancestors
Traditional religions play a daily role in everyday life
Most religions live together in peace in Africa, but sometimes there is conflict b/t Christians, Muslims, and traditional religions

36. Education
Schooling became widespread under European rule in order to fill industrial jobs
Higher education has expanded since independence
Literacy rates have increase, but people in rural areas often have lower literacy rates than people in urban areas
Poverty, lack of qualified teachers, lack of supplies, and wars have created problem

37. Technology Television has become more widespread
Lack of computers with fewer than 10 computers per 1,000 people in Africa
Internet service not widely available

38. The Arts
Art often expresses traditional religious beliefs: masks, drums, folktales
Example: terra-cotta heads of Nok culture
Textiles-cloths with patterns reflecting ethnic groups
Example: kente cloth of Ghana and khanga cloth of East Africa
terra-cotta Nok
heads
Khanga cloth
Kente cloth

39. Music and dance Part of everyday life of entire community
Masks and dress reflect events: births, deaths, honoring ancestors, hunting
Modern music has borrowed from African music
Blues and jazz has roots in Africa; brought by slaves

40. Oral literature
Oral tradition-passing down stories from generation to generation by word of mouth
Folktales, myths, and proverbs helped to preserve African history
Written literature first developed in northeast Africa and then became more popular in sub-Saharan Africa
One falsehood spoils a thousand truths. Ashanti of Ghana
The ruin of a nation begins in the homes of its people. Ashanti of Ghana
Those who are absent are always wrong. Congo
Smooth seas do not make skillful sailors. Ethiopia
One's name remains above the grave. Ethiopia

41. Family Values Africans value strong family ties
Rural families live in extended families made up of several generations
They also organize themselves in clans, or groups of descendents from one common ancestor
Urban areas live in nuclear families of husband, wife, and children