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Midbrain (mesencephalon)
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Cerebellum Subconscious skeletal muscle mvmt
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Equilibrium and balance
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Functions Evaluate how cerebrum initiated movements are being executed
Coordinates skeletal muscle contractions Posture & balance Cognition and language processing See table 14.2
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Diencephalon Surrounds third ventricle
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Thalamus Internal medullary lamina = Y-shaped (white matter)
Divides lobes of gray matter Thalamus
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Hypothalamus Composed of a dozen nuclei REGULATES: ANS activities
Production and release of hormones (oxytocin & ADH) Emotional and behavioral patterns (with limbic system) Feeding center, satiety center, thirst center Body temperature Circadian rhythms Hypothalamus
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Epithalamus
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Cerebrum Read, write, memory, imagine, emotions, math, music etc.
Gray matter / white matter
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Cerebrum The Seat of Intelligence
Longitudinal fissure Corpus callosum 5 lobes Cerebrum The Seat of Intelligence
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Brain Lobes Folded deep within lateral sulcus
Believed to play a role in emotion, consciousness and regulating homeostasis
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Corpus Callosum Callosal commissure Tough body
Broad band of nerve fibers Hemispheric communication Largest white matter area
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Cerebrum Functional Areas Sensory, Motor, Association
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Cerebral Cortex
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Brain Folds of Cerebral Cortex
Gyri – convolutions Sulci – shallow grooves Fissures – deeper grooves Longitudinal fissure (most prominent) separates the cerebral hemispheres. Falx cerebri in the longitudinal fissure
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Cerebral White Matter Connections between parts of brain and to rest of NS Myelinated axons – 3 directions
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Cerebral White Matter 3 types of fibers:
Association – gyri in same hemisphere Commissural (3 groups) – corresponding gyri between hemispheres Projection
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Cerebral White Matter Commissural Fibers Corpus Callosum – largest
Anterior Commissure Posterior Commissure
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Projection fibers: Internal Capsule thick band of white matter containing ascending and descending tracts Runs through basal nuclei
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Basal Ganglia or Basal Nuclei
NOTE no longer called ganglia b/c that is a group of cell bodies in the PNS. 3 large nuclei deep within white matter Globus pallidus Putamen Caudate nucleus
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Basal Nuclei (Ganglia)
Globus pallidus + putamen = lentiform nucleus Lentiform nucleus + caudate nucleus = corpus striatum
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Initiate and terminate body movements
FUNCTIONS: Initiate and terminate body movements Suppress unwanted movements Regulate muscle tone Sensory, limbic, cognitive and linguistic functions GABA Gamma-Amino Butyric acid
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Limbic System Emotional Life, Memory, Motivation, Epinephrine (adrenaline) flow CURRENT structures include: Hippocampus – spatial memory and learning Amygdala – Cognitive, emotional and social processes Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus – limbic circuits Olfactory bulbs Fornix Stria terminalis Stria medullaris Medial forebrain bundle Mammillothalamis tract Linked by bundles of interconnected myelinated axons
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Limbic System
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