2. Conflict
Conflict exists when individuals who depend on each other express different views, interests, or goals and perceive their views as incompatible or oppositional.

3. Conflict is
Natural
Inevitable
Potentially constructive

4. Conflict
Expressed disagreement—all conflict is expressed verbally or nonverbally.
Conflict can occur only between people who depend on each other.
Conflict involves opposition and is more than just differences.
The perception that our concerns are at odds with those of another
The perception that we and another must reconcile our differences

5. Principles of Conflict
Conflict is a natural process in all relationships.
Conflict may be overt or covert.
Overt conflict is out in the open and explicit.
Covert conflict is hidden and often unacknowledged.
Passive aggressiveness is aggression that is denied or disguised by the aggressor.
Games are highly patterned interactions in which the real conflicts are hidden or denied.

6. Principles of Conflict
Conflict may be managed well or poorly.
It can either promote continuing attachment or split a relationship apart, depending on how differences are managed .
It involves intense emotions that we may not know how to handle.
Learning communication conflict skills can help us deal with differences.

7. Principles of Conflict
Conflict may be good for individuals and relationships.
It allows us to consider other points of views.
It can support our own identity by clarifying how we differ from others.
It expands partners’ views of each other.

8. Chinese Character for Crisis
Danger
Opportunity

9. Approaches to Conflict
Win/Lose
One party gets satisfaction
Lose/Win
The other party gets satisfaction
Lose/Lose
Neither party gets satisfaction
Win/Win
Both parties feel satisfied

10. Responses to Conflict
The exit response involves leaving a relationship either by physically walking out or by psychologically withdrawing.
The neglect response occurs when an individual denies or minimizes problems, disagreements, anger, tension.
The loyalty response is staying committed to a relationship despite differences.
The voice response is an active, constructive strategy for dealing with conflict by talking about problems and trying to resolve them.

11. Responses to Relational Distress
Active
Destructive
Constructive
Passive

12. Social Influences on Conflict Culture
The majority of Mediterranean cultures regard conflict as a normal and valuable part of everyday life.
Many Hispanic cultures perceive conflict as an opportunity to be expressive and dramatic.
In the U. S. the emphasis on individuality makes conflict competitive.
In most Asian countries conflict is condemned and a solution should be found that benefits everyone and creates harmony.

13. Social Influences on Conflict Gender
Women
Enact loyalty and voice
Are taught to put a priority on a relationship
Use talk to create and sustain closeness
Tend to defer and compromise
Men
Respond with exit/neglect
Place less emphasis on talk
Minimize problems
May use coercive tactics and force their resolutions
Conflict causes more physical and psychological pain

14. Social Influences on Conflict Sexual Orientation
Sexual preference doesn’t seem to be a major influence on how individuals see and deal with conflict.
Gays and lesbians appear to have fewer sexual conflicts and to talk more openly about sexual issues than heterosexuals.
Gay and lesbian partners have an intragender empathy that creates less conflict.
Lesbian couples talk the most about relationships, heterosexual couples the next most, and gay couples the least reflecting gender socialization.

15. Unproductive Conflict Patterns
Early stages
The foundation for destructive conflict is established by communication that fails to confirm individuals.
Cross-complaining occurs when one person’s complaint is met by a counter-complaint.
Negative climates tend to build on themselves.

16. Unproductive Conflict Patterns
Middle stages
Once a negative climate has been set, it is stoked by other unconstructive communication.
Kitchensinking occurs when everything except the kitchen sink is thrown into the argument.
Focusing on specific issues resolves conflicts constructively.
Marked by frequent interruptions that disrupt the flow of talk

17. Unproductive Conflict Patterns
Later stages
Solutions become the focus
Each person’s proposals are met with counterproposals.
Excessive metacommunication
The communication patterns are discussed and never return to the issues.
Communication that makes up unproductive conflict reflect egocentrism, dogmatism and are self perpetuating.
Unproductive conflict doesn’t involve dual perspective and it seals off awareness of common grounds.

18. Unproductive Constructive Communication Communication
Validation of each other
Disconfirmation of each other
Sensitive listening
Poor listening
Dual perspective
Preoccupation with self
Recognize other’s
concerns
Cross-complaining
Seek clarification
Hostile mind reading

19. Infrequent interruptions Frequent interruptions
Unproductive
Communication
Constructive
Communication
Infrequent interruptions
Frequent interruptions
Focus on specific issues
Everything is thrown in
Compromises and contracts
Counterproposals
Useful metacommunication
Excessive metacommunication
Summarizing the concerns for both partners
Self-summarizing

20. Guidelines for Effective Communication During Conflict
Focus on the overall communication system.
Time conflict effectively.
Both people should be psychologically present and not rushed.
Be flexible.
Use bracketing to keep the discussion focused.
Aim for win-win conflict.
Honor yourself, your partner and the relationship.
Show grace when appropriate.
Grant forgiveness or put aside our own needs when there is no standard that says we should.

21. The
Relationship
You
The Other
Person
Honor yourself, the other, the relationship!