1. modified plant parts storage stem (tuber): potato
evidence: eyes are buds, chlorophyll
floating leaves: Salvinia, Victoria
prop roots: corn (from side of stem)

2. modified shoot
onion
fleshy leaf bases
apical meristem at base

3. adaptive strategies parasites: plants that steal nutrients
mistletoe takes water
indian pipe takes food and water.
epiphytes: plants sit on other plants
evergreen: leaves survive dry season
deciduous: leaves fall in dry season

4. fall leaf color chlorophyll degrades yellow/orange carotenoids visible
red/purple anthocyanin is sunscreen

5. pigment locations anthocyanin: vacuole purple, red, blue
95% of cell volume (water soluable)
chlorophyll (PS): chloroplasts green
carotenoids: chromoplasts & chloroplasts yellow/orange/red
other plastids store starch
vacuole

6. adaptation to desert stems or leaves for water storage
small SA/V: thick and fat
green stems, spine leaves or branches
stomata open at night
convergent evolution

7. adaptation to low N habitat
modified leaves for capturing animals
plant, bacterial enzymes->N from victim
1) venus fly trap: hairs close cage
2) pitcher plant: slippery, hairs
3) sundew: sticky hairs

8. adaptations to temperate deciduous forest
1) spring ephemerals
small, herbaceous (not woody)
early start in forest
bloom before shade
2) trees
flower before leaves (redbud, maple)
showy flowers after leaves (buckeye)

9. types of roots tap fibrous one main root, few side roots carrots,
olive
trees
erosion on
hillsides
many roots
hold soil
grasses,
incl.
bamboo
prevent
erosion

10. adaptation to prairie deep roots (often fibrous)
grasses w/rhizomes, basal meristems
survive fire (req. to kill woody competitors)

11. adaptation to forest fire
well formed trees
little undergrowth
no fire w/fire—>
poorly formed trees
much undergrowth

12. adaptation to forest fire
little undergrowth
quick fire
trees survive— thick bark

13. symbioses with plant roots
1) N-fixing bacteria
eg Rhizobium assoc. with legumes
plant makes nodules
bacterium gets sugar
plant gets N
crop rotations
pesticides may interfere
Mt. St. Helens recovery

14. symbioses with plant roots
2) mycorrhizae = “fungus roots”
some roots modified, highly branched
fungus gets sugar
plant gets surface area, antibiotics
>95% of vasc. plants
agriculture, plant with fungal spores