1. qualities of a good leader? What are some poor qualities?
What are the
qualities of a good leader? What are some poor qualities?

2. Comparing Forms
of Government

3. Types of Government and Economies
Democracy: system of government in which citizens exercise supreme power, acting either directly on their own or through elected representatives
Monarchy: system of government in which a single ruler exercises supreme power based on heredity or divine right
Dictatorship: system of government in which a single person or group exercises supreme power by controlling the military and police
Market Economy: economic system that relies mainly on markets to determine what goods and services to produce and how to produce them
Traditional Economy: economic system in which decisions about what to produce and how are made on the basis of customs, beliefs, and traditions

4. Origins of Government
City-State: sovereign state consisting of a city and its surrounding territory
Direct Democracy: citizens make public decisions directly, either in a popular assembly or through a popular vote
Republic: nation in which supreme power rests with the citizens and is exercised by their elected representatives
Representative Democracy: elected representatives make public decisions on behalf of the citizens

5. Evolution of Government
Feudalism: economic and political system of the European Middle Ages in which landowners granted land to tenants in return for military assistance and other services
Parliament: legislative assembly in which elected representatives debate and vote on proposed laws
Absolute Monarch: hereditary ruler who claims unlimited powers
Despot: tyrant or ruler with absolute powers
Constitutional Monarchy: powers of a monarch are limited by a constitution, either written or unwritten
Constitutional Democracy: democratic government based on a written constitution

6. Authoritarian Rule
Authoritarian Regime: state exercises broad control over the lives of its citizens
Totalitarianism: extreme form of authoritarian rule in which the state seeks to control every aspect of its citizens’ lives
Examples of totalitarian rule are:
Fascism:  totalitarian system in which businesses remain in private hands but under government control
Nazism:  type of fascism, based in part on the myth of racial superiority; developed in Germany before World War II 
Communism: single political party controls both the government and the economy; also, the theories developed by Karl Marx regarding the development of an ideal, classless society

8. Other Forms of Government
Coup d’etat:  sudden overthrow of a government by a small group of military officers or political leaders; from a French term meaning “blow to the state”
Theocracy: government headed by religious leaders
Single-Party State: nation-state in which only one political party is allowed to rule under the constitution
Elite:  small group of people within a larger group who have more power, wealth, or talent than the others

10. Democratic Process
Referendum Process: citizens vote to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature
Initiative Process: electoral process through which citizens can vote an elected official out of office
Recall Election: citizens can vote an elected official out of office
Presidential Democracy:   voters chose a president to lead the government as head of the executive branch

11. Parliamentary Democracy
Parliamentary Democracy: voters elect lawmakers to represent them in the nation’s parliament; the elected lawmakers choose a prime minister to head the executive branch
Prime Minister: chief executive in a parliamentary democracy
Ministries: executive branch department, often in a parliamentary system
Vote of No Confidence: majority vote in parliament showing disapproval of a prime minister’s performance; such a vote prompts new elections and a change of leadership

13. Distribution of Power
Unitary System: constitution concentrates power in the national, or central, government
Federal System: power is shared between the national government and smaller regional governments within the nation
Confederal System:  independent states form a nation but retain their power under a weak central government
Supranational Organizations: world or regional organization that is not tied to any one country

15. Economic Systems
Economic Systems: way of organizing the production and consumption of goods and services
Factors of Production: basic resources required to produce goods and services: land, labor, and capital
Market: any place or situation in which people buy or sell goods and services
Free Enterprise System:  relies on the profit motive, economic competition, and the forces of supply and demand to direct the production and distribution of goods and services; also known as capitalism

16. Types of Economies
Capitalism:  individual investors, or capitalists, privately own the means of production; also known as a free enterprise system
Command Economy: relies mainly on the central government to determine what goods and services to produce and how to produce them
Socialism: public ownership of the means of production
Mixed Economy: combines market forces with elements of a command economy