1. Emergency Analgesia in the Trauma Setting in Adults

3. Introduction

4. Prevalence of Pain in Emergency Settings

5. Prehospital: Meet Patient's Needs -- What Can Be Done Before Pharmacological Treatment?

6. Prehospital Trauma Pain: Unmet Needs

7. Trauma Pain: ED

8. Causes of Undertreated Pain in the ED

9. Common Barriers to the Provision of Pain Management

10. Consequences of Undertreated, Delayed, or Ineffective Pain Management

11. Consequences of Undertreated, Delayed, or Ineffective Pain Management (cont)

12. Pain Remains Undertreated Despite the Availability of Guidelines

13. WHO Pain Relief Ladder

14. Better Education Is Needed in the Trauma Setting

15. Key Aspects of Pain Management Guidelines

16. Evidence-Based Guidelines for Analgesia in Trauma

17. Management of Moderate Pain With Paracetamol

18. Reassessment of Pain and Monitoring

19. How Should Patients Be Treated in the Prehospital Setting?

20. When the Patient Is Ready, Think About Which Treatment to Use

21. Patient Needs Are Important[a,b]

22. Analgesic Delivery Routes

23. Historical Noninvasive Analgesics

24. Opioid Use: Advantages

25. Opioid Use: Disadvantages

26. Novel Noninvasive Analgesics

27. Drug Rediscovery: Methoxyflurane

28. Methoxyflurane: Indication

29. Methoxyflurane: Administration and Dose

30. Methoxyflurane Safety Profile: Nephrotoxicity, Hepatotoxicity, and CV/Respiratory Events

31. Data Linkage Study: Prehospital Setting in Australia

32. Review of Laboratory and Clinical Data Relevant to Nephrotoxicity and Methoxyflurane

33. Analysis of 30 Years of Post-Authorization Safety Data for Methoxyflurane

34. STOP! Study

35. Primary Analysis: Pain Intensity (VAS) in Adults

36. Pain Relief in Adults

37. Ongoing Methoxyflurane Study in Trauma: InMEDIATE

38. Methoxyflurane in Severe Trauma

39. Pain Intensity and Onset of Pain Relief

40. Methoxyflurane and Nitrous Oxide[a-c]

41. Case Study: Road Traffic Accident With Entrapped Adult Patient

42. European Consensus Is Needed to Guide Physicians[a,b]

43. Acknowledge the Patient's Pain

44. Communication and Timely Pain Management

45. Concluding Remarks

46. Abbreviations