1. The student is expected to: 4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules and 9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.

2. KEY CONCEPT All cells need chemical energy.

3. The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP.
Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds.
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule

4. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of photosynthesis produces sugars that store chemical energy.

5. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

6. Chlorophyll is a molecule that absorbs light energy.
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)

7. The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

8. KEY CONCEPT The overall process of cellular respiration converts sugar into ATP using oxygen.

9. Cellular respiration makes ATP by breaking down sugars.
Cellular respiration is aerobic, or requires oxygen.
Aerobic stages take place in mitochondria.
mitochondrion
animal cell

10. Glycolysis must take place first.
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP molecules

11. Cellular respiration is like a mirror image of photosynthesis.
The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O
The reactants in photosynthesis are the same as the products of cellular respiration.