1. Intro to Animals (EUMETAZOA)
Image from:

2. Animal Evolution Ancestral Protist Cnidaria Nematoda Annelida
Diagram from slide show by Kim Foglia
Animal Evolution
Cnidaria
Nematoda
Annelida
Echinoderm
Porifera
Platyhelminthes
Mollusca
Arthropoda
Chordata
sponges
jellyfish
flatworms
roundworms
mollusks
segmented worms
insects spiders
starfish
vertebrates
backbone
segmentation
endoskeleton
eucoelom
body cavity
bilateral symmetry
tissues
multicellularity
Ancestral Protist

3. Animals Invertebrates (animals without a backbone) Porifera Cnidaria
Worms
Mollusks
Echinoderms Arthropods

4. Animals Vertebrates- Animals with backbones Fish Amphibians Reptiles
Birds Mammals

5. LIFE ON EARTH
Image from:

6. Characteristics of ALL Animals:
Eukaryotic
2. Heterotrophic
Multicellular/differentiated cells
Cells have NO cell walls
5. Movement
6. Reproduction (Most sexual)

7. Body Systems : INTEGUMENTARY _____________________
OUTSIDE BODY COVERING (fur, skin, scales, feathers)
Covers and protects, ID, prevents heat & water loss
Orangutan image from:
Fish image from:
Frog image from:
Cardinal image from:

8. Body Systems : DIGESTIVE _________________ Breaks down food to
obtain nutrients & gets rid of undigested waste
Image from:

9. NO OPENINGS: Food enters through cell surface
EX: tapeworm
NO OPENINGS: Food enters through
cell surface
Image by Riedell
EX: sponges
Sponge images from Animals slide show by Kim

10. EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria
Images from:
EX: jellyfish, hydra, planaria
ONE OPENING combined digestive/circulatory space
= GASTROVASCULAR CAVITY
FOOD IN and WASTE OUT through same opening

11. FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)
Image from:
TWO OPENINGS:
FOOD IN at one end (mouth) WASTE OUT at other end (ANUS)

12. Two openings: Most efficient
Image from:
Two openings: Most efficient
If food flows only one direction it allows for organ specialization
(Different parts can start to do different jobs)

13. Body Systems : CIRCULATORY CLOSED OPEN __________________
Transports nutrients/oxygen to body cells
Carries carbon dioxide/nitrogen waste away from cells
Circulatory fluid can be:
inside blood vessels = _________ loose inside body spaces = _______
CLOSED
OPEN
Image from:

14. IMMUNE SYSTEM Protection against “foreign invaders”

15. Body Systems : RESPIRATORY Exchange gases with the ___________________
environment
take in oxygen
remove waste gases (CO2 &/or ammonia)
Image from:

16. GAS EXCHANGE THROUGH SKIN
BOOK LUNGS TRACHEA & SPIRACLES

17. GILLS LUNGS trachea lung anterior air sacs posterior

18. BREATHING WITH LUNGS Positive pressure Air pushed into lungs
Negative pressure
Air pulled into lungs
(diaphragm)

19. UNIQUE BIRD LUNGS
AIRS SACS ATTACHEDTO LUNGS ALLOW OXYGEN IN LUNGS on the
INHALE and on the EXHALE
Animation from:

20. Body Systems : EXCRETORY
___________________
Collect and remove nitrogen waste made by cells
Help with HOMEOSTASIS by maintaining water/ion balance
(_________________________)
OSMOREGULATION

21. NITROGEN WASTE : AMMONIA UREA URIC ACID
_________________ Most TOXIC Must be removed QUICKLY Needs MOST water to dilute
______________ Made from ammonia by liver Less toxic than ammonia Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs less water to dilute than ammonia)
______________ LEAST TOXIC
Can be stored if diluted with water (Needs LEAST amount of water to dilute)
UREA
URIC ACID

22.
NITROGEN WASTE

23. ALL WASTE is NOT THE SAME!
DIGESTIVE WASTE
NITROGEN WASTE
WHERE IT’S MADE?
Body system used?
In what form?
made by cells from break down of proteins & nucleic acids
left over from undigested food
Handled by digestive system
Handled by
excretory system
ammonia, urea, or uric acid
(waste + water = urine)
Feces (poop)

24. NEPHRIDIA MALPIGHIAN TUBULES FLAME CELLS KIDNEYS
NEPHRIDIA
MALPIGHIAN TUBULES
FLAME CELLS
KIDNEYS

25. Body Systems : SKELETAL ___________________ ENDOSKELETON EXOSKELETON
Framework to support body/protection
Skeleton on inside = _______________
Skeleton on outside = _______________
ENDOSKELETON
EXOSKELETON
Walking skeleton image from:
Insect lefg image from:

26. Body Systems : MUSCULAR _______________ Locomotion- move body itself
Image from:
MUSCULAR
_______________
Locomotion- move body itself OR
move substances through body (EX: food through digestive system; blood through vessels)

27. Body Systems :
_____________________ - Produce offspring by combining genetic material from 2 parents = __________________________
REPRODUCTIVE
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Produce offspring using genetic material from only 1 parent =_______________________
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Family image from:
Planaria animation:

28. REPRODUCTIVE INDIRECT
______________ DEVELOPMENT immature LARVA looks different than adult
__________ DEVELOPMENT young are smaller versions on adults
Metamorphosis image from:
Frog image from:
DIRECT
Image from:

29. External fertilization
Sperm and egg join
outside female’s body = ___________________
inside female’s body = ____________________
External fertilization
Internal fertilization
Animation from:

30. NERVOUS ___________________ Receive sensory info about environment &
send response signals
NERVOUS

31. Make hormones that regulate other body systems
ENDOCRINE
__________________
Make hormones that regulate other body systems
Image from:

32. Kinds of Symmetry Asymmetry Radial Bilateral Images from:

33. DORSAL ANTERIOR POSTERIOR VENTRAL
Animation from:

34. ________________ CEPHALIZATION
Concentration of nervous tissue and sensory organs in anterior end of an organism (head area)
First seen in Platyhelminthes (flat worms)
Associated with bilateral symmetry
Efficient response to stimulus
Sense organs encounter environment first

35. EMBRYOLOGY Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
Image from:
Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
What do embryos look like as they divide?
When do cells decide what they will be?

36. EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Becomes digestive system
 Image from:

37. Where does BLASTOPORE end up?
 Images modified from:

38. What do embryos look like as they divide?
SPIRAL
RADIAL
CLEAVAGE CLEAVAGE
Images from:

39. When do cells decide what they will become?
Image from:

40. Cells decide early Cells decide later DETERMINATE INDETERMINATE
Removing cell causes death
Removing cell OK
DETERMINATE
INDETERMINATE
Images modified from:

41. THAT’S WHERE TWINS COME FROM !
ONLY Deuterostomes can have identical twins!
MONOZYGOTIC TWINS
(Maternal twins) Identical DNA
DIZYGOTIC TWINS (Fraternal twins)
DIFFERENT DNA

42. ANIMALS (Triploblastic)
PROTOSTOMES
DEUTEROSTOMES
Blastopore becomes ANUS
Blastopore becomes MOUTH
Decide later (INDETERMINATE)
Decide very early (DETERMINATE)
RADIAL cleavage
SPIRAL cleavage
ALL VERTEBRATES (Fish, amphibians, birds, reptiles, mammals) plus ECHINODERMS
MOST INVERTEBRATES except ECHINODERMS

43. “Exception to the rule”
Image from:
“Exception to the rule”
ECHINODERMS ARE THE ONLY INVERTEBRATE DEUTEROSTOMES
Porifera and Cnidarians
have only TWO germ layers Not considered PROTOSTOMES

44. BODY PLAN INVERTEBRATES Dorsal heart Ventral nerve cord VERTEBRATES
Ventral heart
Dorsal nerve cord

45. GASTRULATION- cells move inward overlip of blastopore
THREE germ layers form
Becomes digestive system
 Image from:

46. Digestive system, respiratory
All animals have 3 germ layers = TRIPLOBLASTIC Except: sponges, jellyfish, anemones = DIPLOBLASTIC
Endoderm
Mesoderm
Ectoderm
Digestive system, respiratory
Muscle, excretory, bones,
circulatory
Outer skin, brain, nervous system

47. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
No cavity (space) around organs
Image from:
ACOELOM = “without space”

48. FLATWORMS are ACOELOMATES!

49. Types of Coeloms (See-Lums)
Space around organs but only lined with mesoderm on one side (lines body wall BUT NOT around gut)
Image from:
PSEUDOCOELOM

50. ROUND WORMS are PSEUDOCOELOMATES!

51. Kinds of Coeloms (See-Lums)
EUCOELOM: Body cavity (space) lined on BOTH sides by mesoderm
Image from:
EUCOELOM = TRUE COELOM = COELOM

52. EUCOELOMATES
ALL VERTEBRATES & MOST
INVERTEBRATES

53. 3 Types of Coeloms ACOELOM EUCOELOM PSEUDOCOELOM ectoderm mesoderm
endoderm
Image from:

54. FUNCTIONS of having a COELOM (body space):
Provides space/cushion internal organs
In animals without a skeleton- Fluid in coelom space can act as a HYDROSTATIC skeleton
In animals without blood vessels- Fluid in coelom space can circulate nutrients and oxygen to cells

55. ADVANTAGE OF a EUCOELOM?
Digestive organ muscles and body wall muscles come from MESODERM in different places so organism can digest food and move at same time.
Images from:

56. ECTOTHERMIC ADVANTAGES:
Slow metabolism means you can survive on 1/10 the food as a same size endotherm
DISADVANTAGES:
Can’t to live in extremely cold places
(NO reptiles in Arctic)
Can’t keep up max activity level for long

57. Endothermic “warm-blooded”
Create own body heat
FAST metabolism allows for:
high activity for extended time
ability to live in variety of environments
EX: Birds, Mammals

58. SOURCES
Anemone from:
Snail from:
Crab from:
 Clam from:
Ant from:

59. Millipede from:
Starfish from:
Jellyfish from:

60. Tree frog: http://www. dynamicearth. co. uk/education/images/tree_frog
Turtle:
Bird:
Fish from:
Orangutan:

61. Earthworm : http://www.york.ac.uk/org/ciec/CaringfortheEnvironment.29.
4.03/Exxon/Food%20Chain%20images/ExxonPicsLarge/Earthworms.jpg
Starfish from:
Snail from:
Crab from:

62. All images on this page from: