LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II

LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II
*Photo from Class XII: Hiphil – Strong & Weak Verbs (ch ) Dr. Esa Autero

Hiphil Stem – Strong & Weak Verbs
1.1 Introduction to Hiphil stem Hiphil occurs more than any other derived stem Hiphil stem occurs 9,496x in Hb.* In pf. 2,684x & impf. 4,063x Imp. 740x & inf. cst. 951x; inf. abs. 223x 835x in participle *Patico & van Pelt, 345. Photo:

2.1 The meaning of Hiphil stem 1) Causative Hiphil Causative type of action in active voice מָלַךְ “he reigned/he was a king” (Qal) הִמְלִיךְ “he caused to reign/he made (someone) king (Hiphil) Key words “caused” and “made” used to express causative action Photo:

Literal translation – “he caused to remember” Idiomatic translation – “he reminded”  Idiomatic better in most cases Qal Stem Hiphil Stem זָכַר He remembered הִזְכִּיר He caused to remember; he reminded שָׁמַע He heard הִשְׁמִיעַ He caused to hear; he proclaimed קָרַב He approached הִקְרִיב He caused to approach; he presented Photo:

2) Simple Action Hiphil Hiphil retains the simple action of Qal stem – translate like Qal Frequent in verbs that are only (or rarely) found in Qal Qal Stem Hiphil Stem Translation שָׁכַם הִשְׁכִּים He arose early שָׁלַךְ הִשְׁלִיךְ He threw (down) שָׁמַד הִשְׁמִיד He exterminated Photo:

3) Declarative Hiphil Declarative Hiphil expresses declarative nuance The subject of the verb declares someone/something to be in certain condition or state of being רָשַׁע “to be guilty” (Qal) – “to declare/pronounce guilty” (Hiphil) Photo:

3) Factitive Hiphil Make an intransitive verb a transitive verb The subject of the verb declares someone/something to be in certain condition or state of being גָּדַל “to be great” (Qal) – “to make (someone/something) great” (Hiphil) Other less frequent categories of Hiphil Uncategorized Hiphil – only learned through a Lexicon Intransitive = doesn’t take a direct object Transitive = takes a direct object Photo:

Hiphil Perfect הִ prefix in all forms Stem vowels varies b/w Hireq Yod and Pathach הִ prefix also found Niph. imp. & inf. cst. Qal Hiphil Translation 3ms קָטַל הִקְטִיל He caused to kill 3fs קָֽטְלָה הִקְטִילָה She caused to kill 2ms קָטַלְתָּ הִקְטַלְתָּ You caused to kill 2fs קָטַלְתְּ הִקְטַלְתְּ 1cs קָטַלְתִּי הִקְטַלְתִּי I caused to kill 3cp קָֽטְלוּ הִקְטִילוּ They caused to kill 2mp קְטַלְתֶּם הִקְטַלְתֶּם 2fp קְטַלְתֶּן הִקְטַלְתֶּן 1cp קָטַלְנוּ הִקְטַלְנוּ We caused to kill Hiph. Pf. הִקְטִיל הִקְטַלְתָּ

Hiphil imperfect In all forms Pathach preformative Also occurs in Type 2 II-Guttural Qal stem in impf. (יַעֲמֹד) Distinguished by Holem stem vowel in Qal Hireq Yod in all but 3fp & 2fp w/ Waw consecutive Stem vowel Tsere וַיַּקְטֵל Qal Hiphil Translation 3ms יִקְטֹל יַקְטִיל He’ll cause to kill 3fs תִּקְטֹל תַּקְטִיל She’ll cause to kill 2ms תִּקְטֹל You’ll cause to kill 2fs תִּקְטְלִי תַּקְטִילִי 1cs אֶקְטֹל אֲקְטִיל I’ll cause to kill 3mp יִקְטְלוּ יַקְטִילוּ They’ll cause to kill 3fp תִּקְטֹלנָה תַּקְטֵלְנָה 2mp תִּקְטְלוּ תַּקְטִילוּ 2fp 1cp נִקְטֹל נַקְטִיל We’ll cause to kill יַקְטִיל

הַקְטֵל הַקְטִילִי Hiphil imperative Formed with הַ prefix Stem vowel varies b/w Tsere and Hireq Yod Standard imp. (=impefect) endings Qal Hiphil Translation 2ms קְטֹל הַקְטֵל Cause to kill 2fs קִטְלִי הַקְטִילִי 2mp קִטְלוּ הַקְטִילוּ 2fp קְטֹלְנָה הַקְטֵלְנָה

Hiphil inf. cst. הַקְטִיל Infinitive construct and absolute Infinitive construct Formed with הַ prefix (like imperative) + Hireq Yod stem vowel Stem vowel distinguishes inf. const. (הַקְטִיל ) from Hiph. imp. (הַקְטֵל ) Qal Hiphil Translation קְטֹל הַקְטִיל To cause to kill; killing

Hiphil. Inf. Abs. הַקְטֵל Infinitive absolute Formed with הַ prefix (like imperative) + Hireq Yod stem vowel Stem vowel distinguishes infinitive absolute from construct Tsere stem vowel – note that imperative masculine singular and infinitive absolute forms are identical Context will tell the difference Hiph. inf. cst. Hiphil. Inf. Abs. הַקְטִיל הַקְטֵל

Hiphil Participle Formed with prefixמַ – Hireq Yod stem vowel, and pts. inflection מַ prefix in every form Also in piel, pual, hophal Hireq Yod in every form except one of the fem. singular forms  מַקְטֶלֶת Qal Hiphil Translation ms קֹטֵל מַקְטִיל Causing to kill fs קֹטֶלֶת מַקְטֶלֶת mp קֹטְלִים מַקְטִילִים fp קֹטְלוֹת מַקְטִילוֹת מַקְטִיל

Piel Stem – Strong Verb Summary Perfect Imperfect Imperative Infinitive construct Infinitive absolute Participle הִקְטִיל יַקְטִיל הַקְטֵל הַקְטִיל מַקְטִיל הַקְטַלְתָּ הַקְטִילִי

Practice Workbook p. 239, no: 1-5 p. 241, no: 1-5 (Translation) Homework See slide no: 24 *Photo:

3.1 Hiphil Stem – Weak Verbs Review of Hiphil strong verb paradigm ה prefix in all conjugations, except impf and participle Pathach under all preformatives and prefixes, except Perfect (has Hireq) Hireq Yod or Tsere stem vowel in all forms, except 2nd and 3rd persons forms of the Perfect (=Pathach)

Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs
Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הֶעֱמִיד יַעֲמִיד הַעֲמֵד הַעֲמִיד מַעֲמִיד הֶעֱמִידָה תַּעֲמִיד הַעֲמִידִי מַעֲמֶדֶת הֶעֱמַדְתָּ הַעֲמִידוּ מַעֲמִידִים הֶעֱמַדְתְּ תַּעֲמִידִי הַעֲמֵדְנָה מַעֲמִידוֹת הֶעֱמַדְתִּי אַעֲמִיד הֶעֱמִידוּ יַעֲמִידוּ Only pf. lacks strong verb diagnostics – elsewhere same Pf. has Seghol prefix vowel rather than the Hireq of the strong verb – same as in Qal impf. and Niph. pf. Guttural-I verbs Guttural consonant in the 1st root position take a reduced vowel in every form ־ תַּעֲמֵדְנָה הֶעֱמַדְתֶּם תַּעֲמִידוּ הֶעֱמַדְתֶּן הֶעֱמַדְנוּ נַעֲמִיד I-Gutt. Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִשְׁלִיחַ יַשְׁלִיחַ הַשְׁלַח הַשְׁלִיחַ הַשְׁלֵחַ מַשְׁלִיחַ הִשְׁלִיחָה תַּשְׁלִיחַ הַשְׁלִיחִי מַשְׁלַחַת הִשְׁלַחְתָּ הַשְׁלִיחוּ מַשְׁלִיחִים הִשְׁלַחַתְּ תַּשְׁלִיחִי הַשְׁלַחְנָה מַשְׁלִיחוֹת הִשְׁלַחְתִּי אַשְׁלִיחַ הִשְׁלִיחוּ יַשְׁלִיחוּ Mostly as Hiphil strong – only few stem vowels vary In impf 3fp and 2fp, the stem vowel is Pathach rather than Tsere – change due to gutturals preferring a-class vowels Impf 2ms and 2fs have Pathach stem vowels rather than Tsere, as in the impf above. ־ תַּשְׁלַחְנָה הִשְׁלַחְתֶּם תַּשְׁלִיחוּ הִשְׁלַחְתֶּן הִשְׁלַחְנוּ נַשְׁלִיחַ III-ע/ח Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִמְצִיא יַמְצִיא הַמְצֵא הַמְצִיא מַמְצִיא הִמְצִיאָה תַּמְצִיא הַמְצִיאִי הַמְצֵאת הִמְצֵאתָ הַמְצִיאוּ הַמְצִיאִים הִמְצֵאת תַּמְצִיאִי הַמְצֶאנָה הַמְצִיאוֹת הִמְצֵאתִי אַמְצִיא הִמְצִיאוּ יַמְצִיאוּ Most strong verb diagnostic remain the same The stem vowel variation same as in I-א weak verbs in general In all pf. 2nd and 3rd person forms the stem vowel is Tsere (in Hiphil strong verbs it is Pathach) In the impf. stem vowel in 3fp and 2fp is Seghol rather than Tsere – same variation occurs in imp. 2fp. ־ תַּמְצֶאנָה הִמְצֵאתֶם תַּמְצִיאוּ הִמְצֵאתֶן הִמְצֵאנוּ נַמְצִיא III-א Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִגְלָה יַגְלֶה הַגְלֵה הַגְלוֹת מַגְלֶה הִגְלְתָה תַּגְלֶה הַגְלִי מַגְלָה הִגְלִיתָ הַגְלוּ מַגְלִים הִגְלִית תַּגְלִי הַגְלֶינָה מַגְלוֹת הִגְלִיתִי אַגְלֶה הִגְלוּ יַגְלוּ All prefix and preformative consonants retain Hiphil strong verb diagnostics – variation in the stem vowel only In pf. Hireq Yod stem vowel may also occur as Tsere Yod as an alternate form ( הִגְלֵיתָ ) In imperfect Hireq Yod stem vowel does not occur in any form Infinitive construct has the וֹת ending ־ תַּגְלֶינָה הִגְלִיתֶם תַּגְלוּ הִגְלִיתֶן הִגְלִינוּ נַגְלֶה III-ה Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הִצִּיל יַצִּיל הַצֵּל הַצִּיל מַצִּיל הִצִּילָה תַּצִּיל הַצִּילִי מַצֶּלֶת הִצַּלְתָּ הַצִּילוּ מַצִּילִים הִצַּלְתְּ תַּצִּילִי הַצֵּלְנָה מַצִּילוֹת הִצַּלְתִּי אַצִּיל הִצִּילוּ יַצִּילוּ All strong diagnostics retained Main difficulty in identifying the verbal root First consonant assimilates – Daghesh on the second consonant as a result ־ תַּצֵּלְנָה הִצַּלְתֶּם תַּצִּילוּ הִצַּלְתֶּן הִצַּלְנוּ נַצִּיל I-נ Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הוֹשִׁיב יוֹשִׁיב הוֹשֵׁב מוֹשִׁיבִי הוֹשִׁיבָה תּוֹשִׁיב הוֹשִׁיבִי מוֹשֶׁבֶת הוֹשַׁבְתָּ הוֹשִׁיבוּ מוֹשִׁיבִים הוֹשַׁבְתְּ תּוֹשִׁיבִי הוֹשֵׁבְנָה מוֹשִׁיבוֹת הוֹשַׁבְתִּי אוֹשִׁיב יוֹשִׁיבוּ Most I-י verbs originally I-ו verbs  original ו reappears and replaces yod that is in the first root position. Holem waw follows prefix/preformative in every form Apart from above changes, strong verb diagnostics remain  Most difficult is recognition of I-י verbs – need to remember that I-י verbs originally I-ו & the original waw reappears. תּוֹשֵׁבְנָה הוֹשַׁבְתֶּם תּוֹשִׁיבוּ הוֹשַׁבְתֶּן הוֹשַׁבְנוּ נוֹשִׁיב I-י Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Perfect Imperfect Imperative Inf.Cst. Inf.Abs. Participle הֵקִים יָקִים הָקֵם הָקִים מֵקִים הֵקִימָה תָּקִים הָקִימִי מְקִימָה הֲקִימוֹתָ הָקִימוּ מְקִימִים הֲקִימוֹת תָּקִימִי הָקֵמְנָה מְקִימוֹת הֲקִימוֹתִי אָקִים הֵקִימוּ יָקִימוּ Biconsonantal verbs exhibit the diagnostic Hireq Yod stem vowel in most cases (cf. other biconsonantals). In pf., the prefix vowel varies between Tsere in 3rd person forms and Hateph Pathach in the 1st and 2nd person forms. Notice the holem waw “connecting vowel” between verbal root and pf. sufformatives in 2nd and 1st person forms (cf. Qal Geminate verbs) In impf., imp., inf. cst. & abs. prefix/preformative vowels are Qamets (not Pathach like strong verbs) Prefix vowel for participle varies b/w Tsere & vocal Sheva ־ תְּקִימֶינָה הֲקִימוֹתֶם תָּקִימוּ הֲקִימוֹתֶן הֲקִימוֹנוּ נָקִים Biconson. Niphal Stem – Weak Verbs All Qal verbs = 69%

Practice Workbook p. 248, no: 1-10 p. 249, no: 1-5 Homework p. 243 no: 1-3 & p. 251 no: 1-3 *Photo:

LAN 405 Beginning Hebrew II

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