1. Solutions
Chapter 14

2. General Properties
Solution: system in which one or more substances are homogenously mixed or dissolved in another substance
Solute: component that is dissolved
Solvent: dissolving agent
Miscible: liquids capable of mixing to form a solution
Immiscible: liquids not capable of forming solutions; insoluble to each other

3. Factors Related to Solubility
Likes dissolved likes; polar and ionic tend to be able to form solutions with each other; nonpolar substances tend to form solutions with each other
Temperature and pressure increases solubility
Saturated: contains solute in equilibrium with solvent
Unsaturated contains less solute per unit of volume than does the corresponding saturated solution.

4. Super-Saturated
In some cases their can be more solute than what the solvent will allow to be dissolved.
The picture is of a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate

5. Diffusion
Diffusion goes from area of higher concentration to lower

6. Ways to Calculate Concentration
% concentration = amount of solute /soln.
Mass % = mass solute/mass soln. X 100
Volume % = volume solute/volume soln. X 100
Mass/volume = g solute/mL soln x 100
Molarity = moles solute /L soln.

7. Osmosis
Osmosis: water moves through membrane

8. Concentration Comparisons
Isotonic: equal concentrations
Hypotonic: pure water to RBC cell bursts because water rushes in (hemolysis)
Hypertonic: 10% NaCl soln to RBC causes cell to shrivel (crenation)
Osmolarity: moles of solute particles /L soln. Ex. NaCl  Na+ + Cl- (2 moles/L)

9. What happens to the Cell

10. Dialysis
Dialysis: semipermeable membrane allows small molecules to pass through but not others

11. What properties can you see in these pictures?