1. PIA 2574: Week FOUR African Development Seminar: TOWARDS INDEPENDENCE:
Conflict, Governance or Development?

2. Overview: Theories of violence in Africa
Elite Predation- corruption and diversion of public resources
Aid dependence and externalization of public sector management
Debate over Islamic Fundamentalist Groups
Internationalization over scarce resources
Violation of the Social Contract
Relative Deprivation

3. Patrice Lumumba and the Congo Crisis, 1960-1966 Created an image of African independence

5. The Social Contract

6. Question:
Why Men (and Women) Rebel? Africa Style Ted Gurr. Why Men Rebel (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1970). Gurr’s Response: Relative deprivation- The discrepancy between what people think they deserve, what they think others have and what they think they should get.

7. Ted Robert Gurr, Born 1936

8. Islamic Fundamentalism
One View
Moving into
Africa?

9. Somalia: One Nationality with Clans

10. Ethnicity in Kenya

11. "His Excellency President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin, VC, DSO, MC, Lord of all the Beasts of the Earth and Fishes of the Sea, and Conqueror of the British Empire in Africa in General and Uganda in Particular"

12. State Collapse Uganda
What it looked like

13. From Gold Coast to South Sudan: Kwame Nkrumah and False Promises: Domestic and International
The mass movement and the slogan "Seek ye first the Political Kingdom" This goal was articulated by Kwame Nkrumah and his Convention People's Party. This is the origin of what some call the false “development Promises.”
The implication was that economic development would follow. The basis of change would be state manipulation of the national economy. The assumption was that control of the state apparatus was essential to economic betterment.
The Problem: It didn’t happen

15. Patterns of Government in Africa- Too Soft or Too Hard?

16. Weak States

17. M. Crawford Young, Born in 1931
Independence- Speed, Territory and Sovereignty
Western Models- Parties Votes and Institutional Crisis
Integration vs. Separation
Instrumentalism: Kinship and Cronyism
Corruption as Functional
Legacy of Hybridism

18. British Heritage
Anglophone Africa and the Westminster Model- Fused Government
Strong Cultural Influences, eg. The Anglophone Mandela
Bi-product: One Party Regimes and the Military

19. The realities of Independence: Weak, Fragile and Collapsed States Engleburt and Dunn
Neo-patrimonialism- Legacy of Traditionalism
Societies and Economies of Affection
Crony Capitalism
Problems with Liberalism: Ethnic Ties, Pariah Groups and the Politics of Consensus: RULE BY DECREE
Military Regimes: Colonels, Lieutenants, and Sergants

20. Other Post-Colonial Regimes
Francophonie- Executive Presidency- Fifth Republic
Post-Revolutionary States- Lusophone
Belgian Legacy- DRC, Rwanda and Burundi
Italy and Spain- Remnants of Empires- Somalia, Eritrea, Equatorial Guinea

21. The Result: Somalia?

22. Black Beach Prison Equatorial Guinea- Celebrating the Mass Executions under Then President, Francisco Macías Nguema 300,000 to 4,000,000 people Executed to the tune of “Those were the Days my Friends they thought they’d Never end.”

23. Coffee Break “Those were the days my friends”

24. Traditional REGIMES
Traditional Elements: Ethiopia- 1960s, Swaziland, Somalia,
Neo-Traditional: Botswana, Buganda, Ghana, Northern Nigeria, KwaZulu-Natal, Lesotho
Patrimonialism: Strong Presidential Models and Neo-traditionalism
Authoritarian and Paternalistic Tendencies: BIG MEN

25. King Letsie III of Lesotho

26. Independence and One Party States
Attempts at Intra-Party democracy: Ghana, Tanzania, Zambia- 1970s to 1980s.
Grass roots and periphery: Soft States
Elections within the party
Question: contained political systems?

27. The Newest One Party State July 9, 2011 (18 Months from Civil War)

28. Afro-Marxist Vanguard Parties and Leninism
Angola, Mozambique in 1980s
Ethiopia under the Dergue,
Benin and Congo Brazzaville, 1970s- 1980s

29. Ethiopia- The Derg,

30. "No" Party Administrative States
One Party States where the party is a shell
Kenya, Ivory Coast in 1970s
Uganda in the 1990s; Eritrea, Rwanda (Claim non- party)
INFLUENCE OF HYBRIDISM

31. Felix Houphouet-Boigny, President for Life, and Ivory Coast and on the verge of Civil War ( )

32. Post-Colonial Regimes- Late decolonialization
Post Settler Regimes: Home Rule
Zimbabwe
Namibia
South Africa

33. Post-Colonial Regimes and the Impact of Colonialism: Redeux
Ethnic Identification
Overseas Language
Metropol Values
Administrative Process
Political Shells
Economic/ Trade links- primary products and markets

34. Issues: Facing Post-Colonial Africa
Power and Class- Continuity vs. Change in Africa
Why was the Colonial state so destructive- “Bula
Matari”
Underdevelopment Africa vs Asia?
Regional Differences: Anglophone, Francophone and
Southern Africa
North Africa, the Horn, “Settler” Africa –Are All
States Settler states in Africa?”

35. Overall GOVERNANCE ISSUES
Nature of the Administrative State-the Bureaucracy evolved over time
but political institutions tacked on a few years before independence
Causes of Institutional Weakness: Too strong a bureaucracy weakens institutions and decline of political party (ies)
Result: Corruption, Patronage and clientelism

36. GOVERNANCE ISSUES: Leonard Binder- UCLA Political Science Professor
GOVERNANCE ISSUES: Leonard Binder- UCLA Political Science Professor. Born: 1927
Problem: Confront all FIVE crises at once
1. Identity
2. Legitimacy
3. Participation
4. Distribution
5. Penetration

37. Bureaucratic Interests- Middle Class Remnants
Organizational Bourgeoisie
No private sector, few interest groups
Public sector economic strategy
Little or No civil society
Corruption and the End of the Social Contract

38. African Bureaucrats and Smuggled Goods: An extractive System

39. The Problem?

40. ROBERT BATES (Born, 1942) AND PATRICK CHABAL B
ROBERT BATES (Born, 1942) AND PATRICK CHABAL B. 1951) AND JEAN-PASCAL DALOZ (B. 1960).

41. Public Choice and Neo-Orthodoxy -SAPS (Structural Adjustment and the Wahington Concensus
Government Structures vs. Informal Governance
States extract revenue, distort prices and depress agricultural and rural development
Society functions/copes even within disorders through family, clans and informal traditional relationships
This allows rational decision-making and negotiations below the state system
States distort relationships; individuals are rational, free markets are fair
CRITICS; HOW TO DEAL WITH THE HIDDEN PEOPLES OF THE WORLD.

42. SUMMARY: Regional Questions
Francophone Africa. What argument does each of our authors make about the nature of colonialism? What major similarities do you see between and among our authors.
Anglophone. What picture of European influence over Africa does the reading give us? What major differences do you see between and among our authors?
Southern Africa. What picture of African resistance and strength does the reading give us? Comment on the Impact of “Settlers.”

43. Regional Questions
Horn of Africa- To what extent is the Horn of Africa different then our other regions? What are the important questions to be asking according to our Authors?
North Africa- Is North Africa a part of Africa or the Middle East. What are the historical governance issues noted by our writers.