1. Biological Beginnings
Chapter 2
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

2. Chapter Outline The evolutionary perspective
Genetic foundations of development
Reproductive challenges and choices
Heredity-environment interaction: The nature-nurture debate
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

3. Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior
What Is the Evolutionary Perspective?
Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior
Stories of the Jim and Jim Twins
Identical twins separated after birth
Identical lifestyles after 39 years apart
Part of Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart; other twin sets with similar outcomes

4. The Evolutionary Perspective
Natural selection and adaptive behavior
Evolutionary psychology
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

5. Natural Selection and Adaptive Behavior
Natural selection - Evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce
Adaptive behavior - Promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

6. Example of natural selection
Female peacocks choose mates based on the color of the feathers and the overall physical prowess of the animal.
The brightness of the plumage might signal to females that the animal has high-quality genes.
This would make him ideal for reproduction and to ensure the survival of the offspring
In reality, not all males have bright, large tails, and this was especially true a few thousand years ago. And because females kept choosing the brightest males as partners, the ones without the impressive tails were less likely to mate and reproduce.
As a result, their numbers diminished from one generation to the next, making them rare today
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

7. Evolutionary Psychology
Emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and survival of the fittest in shaping behavior
Evolutionary developmental psychology
Interest has grown in using the concepts of evolutionary psychology to understand human development
Psychological mechanisms are domain-specific
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

8. Evolutionary Psychology
Connecting evolution and life-span development
Benefits conferred by evolutionary selection decrease with age
Natural selection primarily operates during the first half of life
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

9. Evolutionary Psychology
Evaluation
Evolution gave us biological potentialities but it does not dictate behavior
People have used their biological capacities to produce diverse cultures
Aggressive and peace-loving, egalitarian and autocratic
Studying specific genes in humans and other species and their links to traits and behaviors
Best approach for testing ideas coming out of evolutionary psychology
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

10. Genetic Foundations of Development
The collaborative gene
Genes and chromosomes
Genetic principles
Chromosomal and gene-linked abnormalities
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

11. The Collaborative Gene
Human life begins as a single cell
Nucleus of each cell contains chromosomes
Chromosomes: Threadlike structures made up of deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA: A complex double-helix molecule that contains genetic information
Genes: Units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

12. Figure 2.3 - Cells, Chromosomes, DNA, and Genes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

13. The Collaborative Gene
Genome-wide association method - Identify genetic variations linked to a particular disease
Human genome consists of many genes that collaborate:
Both with each other and with nongenetic factors inside and outside the body
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

14. The Collaborative Gene
Activity of genes is affected by their environment
Stress, radiation, and temperature can influence gene expression
Exposure to radiation changed the rate of DNA synthesis in cells
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

15. Genes and Chromosomes Mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization
Mitosis: Reproduction of cells
Meiosis: Cell division that forms sperm and eggs (gametes)
Fertilization: A stage in reproduction when an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote
Zygote: A single cell formed through fertilization
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

16. Figure 2.5 - The Genetic Difference Between Males and Females
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

17. Genes and Chromosomes Sources of variability
Combining the genes of two parents in off spring increases genetic variability
Identical twins (monozygotic twins)
Develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

18. Genes and Chromosomes Fraternal twins (dizygotic twins)
Develop when two eggs are fertilized by different sperm, creating two zygotes that are genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

19. Genes and Chromosomes
Mutated gene - Permanently altered segment of DNA
Susceptibility genes - Make the individual more vulnerable to specific diseases or accelerated aging
Longevity genes - Make the individual less vulnerable to certain diseases and more likely to live to an older age
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

20. Genes and Chromosomes Genotype: Genetic heritage
Phenotype: Way an individual’s genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

21. Genetic Principles Dominant-recessive genes principle Sex-linked genes
One gene of a pair always exerts its effects (dominant), overriding the potential influence of the other gene (recessive)
Sex-linked genes
When a mutated gene is carried on the X chromosome, the result is called X-linked inheritance
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

22. Genetic Principles Polygenic inheritance
Polygenically determined - Determined by the interaction of many different genes
Gene-gene interaction - Studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in:
Influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

23. Figure 2.6 - Some Chromosomal Abnormalities
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

24. Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Metabolic disorder that, left untreated, causes mental retardation
Sickle-cell anemia
Blood disorder that limits the body’s oxygen supply
Can cause joint swelling, as well as heart and kidney failure
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

25. Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Cystic fibrosis
Glandular dysfunction that interferes with mucus production
Breathing and digestion are hampered, resulting in a shortened life span
Diabetes
Body does not produce enough insulin, which causes abnormal metabolism of sugar
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

26. Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Hemophilia
Delayed blood clotting causes internal and external bleeding
Huntington’s disease
Central nervous system deteriorates, producing problems in muscle coordination and mental deterioration
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

27. Gene-Linked Abnormalities
Spina bifida
Neural tube disorder that causes brain and spine abnormalities
Tay-Sachs disease
Deceleration of mental and physical development caused by an accumulation of lipids in the nervous system
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

28. Dealing with Genetic Abnormalities
Every individual carries DNA variations that might predispose the person to serious physical disease or mental disorder
Genes that are missing, nonfunctional, or mutated can be associated with disorders
Knowledge of genetic flaws might bring important costs as well as benefits
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

29. Course of Prenatal development
Germinal Period- first two weeks
Embryonic Period- two to eight weeks
Fetal Period – two months after conception until birth
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

30. Reproductive Challenges and Choices
Prenatal diagnostic tests
Infertility and reproductive technology
Adoption
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

31. Prenatal Diagnostic Tests
Ultrasound sonography
Brain imaging techniques
Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Maternal blood screening
Noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD)
Fetal sex determination
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

32. Infertility and Reproductive Technology
Infertility - Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception
In vitro fertilization (IVF) - Eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
Fertilized egg is transferred into the woman’s uterus
Success rate of IVF depends on the mother’s age
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

34. Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogen
Psychoactive drugs
Caffeine
Alcohol
Nicotine
Cocaine
Methamphetamine
Marijuana
Heroin
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

35. Hazards to Prenatal Development
Environmental hazards
Maternal diseases
Postpartum depression
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

36. Adoption
Social and legal process that establishes parent-child relationship between persons unrelated at birth
Increased diversity of adopted children and adoptive parents
Outcomes for adopted children
Adopted children fare much better than children raised in long-term foster care
Children who are adopted very early are more likely to have positive outcomes
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

37. Heredity-Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture Debate
Behavior genetics
Heredity-environment correlations
Shared and nonshared environmental experiences
The epigenetic view and gene x environment (g x e) interaction
Conclusions about heredity-environment interaction
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

38. Behavior Genetics
Seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development
Twin study: Behavioral similarity of identical and fraternal twins is compared
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

39. Behavior Genetics
Adoption study: Seek to discover whether, in behavior and psychological characteristics, adopted children are:
More like their adoptive parents, who provided a home environment
More like their biological parents, who contributed their heredity
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

40. Figure 2.11 - Exploring Heredity-Environment Correlations
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

41. Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
Shared environmental experiences: Siblings’ common environmental experiences
Their parents’ personalities and intellectual orientation
Family’s socioeconomic status
Neighborhood in which they live
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

42. Shared and Nonshared Environmental Experiences
Nonshared environmental experiences: Child’s own unique experiences
Both within the family and outside the family
Not shared with another sibling
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

43. Epigenetic View and Gene × Environment (G × E) Interaction
Epigenetic view: Development is the result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

44. Figure 2.12 - Comparison of The Heredity - Environment Correlation and Epigenetic Views
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.

45. Heredity-Environment Interaction: The Nature-Nurture Debate
Gene × environment (G × E) interaction: Interaction of:
Specific measured variation in the DNA
Specific measured aspect of the environment
© 2013 by McGraw-Hill Education. This is proprietary material solely for authorized instructor use. Not authorized for sale or distribution in any manner. This document may not be copied, scanned, duplicated, forwarded, distributed, or posted on a website, in whole or part.