1. Changes in Western Thought
Moving away from Absolutism

2. English Civil Wars/ Revolution
A little history of the English Monarchy
War of the Roses brought Tudor family to power
Henry VII late 1400s
Henry VIII, do you remember Henry?
Edward VI –dies young
Mary “Bloody” - Catholic – Married Philip II
Elizabeth I– Spanish Armada defeated 1588
Strong, well liked, Protestant, no male heir

3. The Stuart Dynasty
James I– England and Scotland joined, smart, poor with finances
Charles I – Problems with Parliament and Puritans
Parliament would not give him money
He sent them home for 11 years, continued to tax
He violated the Petition of Rights
Forced Anglican religion on Puritan Scots
Rebellions began, Charles called Parliament into session, then they rebelled against him

4. Civil War !!! Cavaliers vs. Roundheads
King’s people Parliament (mostly Puritans)
Roundheads win
Captured King Charles I - he was tried for treason, and beheaded.

5. What now? Commonwealth was formed – like a Republic
In 1648 a military figure named Oliver Cromwell took over
Became dictator of a strict Puritanical government
No dancing, newspapers, walks on Sunday

6. Bring back the Stuarts! 1660 Charles II- restoration of monarchy
“Merry Monarch” -more tolerant of Parliament
Religious issues still lingered

7. Peaceful Revolution 1685 James II – sympathetic to Catholics
Whigs & Tories joined against him
1688 Glorious Revolution
William and Mary - Bill of Rights
Had a huge impact on America and France

8. Onto the Enlightenment
Think about the word, what does it mean?
New intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and power of individuals to solve problems (18th century)
Lot’s of discussion on the role of government and religion
Role and behavior of government was questioned

9. Two Different Points of View
Thomas Hobbes (lived during Civil War)
John Locke (lived during Glorious Revolution)

10. Hobbes - Leviathan
A world with a “war of everyman versus everyman,” and a life that is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”
A bleak and scary life, right?
It is the nature of humans; they are selfish creature he says
What do you need? A social contract!
You need an absolute monarchy

11. John Locke Locke, opposite from Hobbes More confident in people
Self-government
People are born free and equal with natural rights of “life, liberty and property”
You could rebel against the government
Who did this have an impact on? American colonists (the Declaration of Independence)

12. What defines the era of the Enlightenment?
It was a French movement
18th century
Influenced by the Scientific Revolution, Newton and Locke, and all the political changes in England
Led by the philosophes

13. 5 Concepts of Enlightenment
Reason – Truth could be discovered
Nature – Should be observed, it holds the answers
Happiness – Now! Not later
Progress – Humanity can be and should be improved
Liberty – Rights and Freedoms

14. Who were these Philosophes?
Voltaire
Montesquieu
Rousseau
Beccarria
Smith

15. What about women?
Women play a part in this movement, but are not included in the discussion
They help spread the ideas and host gatherings but the enlightenment thinkers do no support women having more of a say

16. The movement brought… A more secular outlook
Critiques of government/religion
Emphasis on the individual and the need for education

17. How were these ideas spread?
Salons, coffee houses, an emerging print culture, and a new book called the Encyclopedia

18. Enlightened Monarchs (Enlightened Despots)
Embrace some of the ideas of the Enlightenment
Frederick II (the Great), Joseph II, Catherine the Great
Most of their reforms did not last

19. However… Over in America, the Enlightenment spurred revolution.
Hopefully, you remember the story
French and Indian War
Taxation without representation
Declaration of Independence
The Revolutionary War
Constitution and the Bill of Rights