1. What is Technology?

2. DNA Technology

3. Essential Question:
What are the ethical concerns of DNA technology?

4. Genetic technology– Manipulating the genes of organisms

5. WHY might scientists want to change the DNA of organisms?

6. Scientist use DNA Technology to improve organisms or to cure diseases.

7. Three examples of genetic engineering:
Creating transgenic organisms
Cloning
DNA fingerprinting

8. 1. Transgenic organism – contains genes of another organism

9. Ex- Tobacco with firefly gene

10. Bacteria are needed.
Where is the DNA of a bacteria?

11. Two locations: a. Circular chromosome in cytoplasm b
Two locations: a. Circular chromosome in cytoplasm b. Plasmid – small, circular piece of DNA

12. How to make transgenic bacteria: 1
How to make transgenic bacteria: 1. DNA of bacterial plasmid is cut with restriction enzymes 2. New gene is inserted 3. “Tape” the gene in place with ligase. 4. Plasmid replaced in bacteria 5. Bacteria make the protein coded by the new gene.

13. Bacteria can do this because they have the same genetic code as humans and all other living things.
Bacteria used to produce human proteins
insulin
growth factor
hormones

14. Ex - Mouse on right has a human gene that produces growth factor
Ex - Mouse on right has a human gene that produces growth factor. Same technique used in chickens, pigs, and cows.

15. Traits put into transgenic plants: herbicide resistant gene
insect resistant gene
herbicide resistant gene
drought resistant gene
cold resistant gene
disease resistant gene

16. Name 4 good reasons for creating transgenic organisms.

17. 2. Cloning: making exact copies of organisms. Dolly was first

19. First cloned kitten.

20. Why Clone?
A. Cloning stem cells for research Stem cells can develop into any type cell. They might be used to repair damaged or diseased organs and tissues.

21. B. "Pharming" for drug production
Cows, sheep and goats are being genetically engineered to produce drugs or proteins that are useful in medicine.

22. C. Reviving Endangered or Extinct Species
Clone endangered species

23. Name 3 good reasons for cloning.

24. 3. DNA Fingerprints
Use “genetic fingerprinting” to identify individuals. Each person’s DNA creates unique pattern.
Steps:
A. DNA is cut into small pieces with restriction enzymes.
B. The pieces are separated and form bars. Then photographed.

25. C. Patterns of bars are compared to find a match.
In this example, suspect #2 left some DNA at the crime scene.

26. DNA Extraction Chemical treatments cause cells and nuclei to burst
The DNA is inherently sticky, and can be pulled out of the mixture
This is called “spooling” DNA

27. “Spooled” DNA

28. Cutting DNA Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sequences
Useful to divide DNA into manageable fragments

29. Electrophoresis DNA can be separated based on size and charge
The phosphate groups are negatively charged
DNA is placed in a gel and electricity is run through

30. Electrophoresis Negative DNA moves toward the positive end
Smaller fragments move farther and faster

31. Electrophoresis

32. Copying DNA Polymerase Chain Reaction Also called PCR
A method of making many copies of a piece of DNA

33. Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample
PCR
Large amounts of DNA can be made from a small starting sample

34. Human Genome Project

35. Human Genome Project Started in 1990
Research effort to sequence all of our DNA (46 chromosomes)
Over 3.3 billion nucleotides
Mapping every gene location (loci)
Conducted by scientists around the world

36. HGP Insights Only 2% of human genome codes for proteins (exons)
Other 98% (introns) are non-coding
Only about 20,000 to 25,000 genes (expected 100,000)
Proteome – organism’s complete set of proteins
About 8 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) – places where humans differ by a single nucleotide
About ½ of genome comes from transposons (pieces of DNA that move to different locations on chromosomes)

37. Benefits of Human Genome Project
Improvements in medical prevention of disease, gene therapies, diagnosis techniques …
Production of useful protein products for use in medicine, agriculture, bioremediation and pharmaceutical industries.
Improved bioinformatics – using computers to help in DNA sequencing …

38. Benefits of Genetic Engineering

39. Biotechnology -
The use of gene science to create new products from plants and animals

40. Biotechnology Provides:
Improved food products
Medical advances
An enhanced environment

41. Herbicide Resistant Crops
+ CP4 EPSPS = Roundup
gene Ready
Soybeans: Roundup Ready
Corn: Roundup Ready, Liberty Link
Cotton: BXN, Roundup Ready
Canola: Liberty Link, Roundup Ready

42. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Insulin (1982)
First commercial biotech product
Reliable, inexpensive source of insulin
Rice
Enriched with beta-carotene and iron
Bananas
Containing edible hepatitis vaccine

43. Biotechnology Breakthroughs
Potatoes with higher solid content
Garlic that lowers cholesterol
Fruits and vegetables that reduce risks of cancer and heart disease
Gene Therapy: Process of changing a gene to treat a medical disease or disorder.
--An absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal working gene

44. Environmental Benefits
Reduced pesticide use
Lower energy requirements
Cleaner water
Less soil erosion