1. Sensation and Perception

2. Sensation and Perception
Sensation: your window to the world
Perception: interpreting what comes in your window.
(you are sensing and perceiving right now by reading this!)

3. (associated with bottom-up processing)
Sensation
detecting physical energy from the environment and encoding it as neural signals
(associated with bottom-up processing)

4. (associated with top-down processing)
Perception
selecting, organizing, and interpreting our sensations as meaningful objects and events
(associated with top-down processing)

5. Sensation and Perception WORK TOGETHER!!!
Examples:
Hearing – you “sense” the noises the vocal tract makes when a person speaks, you “perceive” the meaning of what those noises represent
Health Problem – you “sense” sudden pain in your heart, you “perceive” by recognizing you are suffering a heart attack

6. ATTENTION!
I am going to show you a picture… what’s the FIRST thing you notice?
Half of the class needs to cover their ears while I make an announcement before displaying the picture…

7. Bottom-Up Processing Also called feature analysis.
Analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information

8. Top-Down Processing
Guided by higher-level mental processes, such as experience, motivation, and expectations
If you see many old men in glasses, you are more apt to process a picture of an old man (even when you may be in error).

10. TOP-DOWN PROCESSING: **consider the painting’s title, notice the apprehensive expressions, and attend to aspects that give meaning
BOTTOM-UP PROCESSING: **detecting lines, angles, and colors that form the horses, riders, and surroundings

11. The Impossible Tune Listen to the clip…
After I play it, take 30 seconds and THINK about an explanation…
Remember, we’re talking about SENSATION and PERCEPTION!!! How might they explain?

12. Perceptual Interpretation
Perceptual Adaptation
(vision) ability to adjust to an artificially displaced visual field
prism glasses

13. Psychophysics and Transduction
Psychophysics: the study of how physical energy relates to our psychological experience
Transduction: conversion of one form of energy into another
Information goes from the senses to the thalamus, then to the various areas in the brain.
Remember Ethan in Sky High. He changes his body to slime. Solid form to liquid form. Change from one form of energy to another.

14. Absolute Threshold
the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time
A single candle flame 30 miles away
A drop of perfume in a six-room apartment
a ticking of a watch from 20 feet away
The pressure of a wing of a bee falling on our cheek

15. Difference Threshold (Just Notable Difference)
the minimum difference a person can detect between any two stimuli half the time
Weber’s Law: difference thresholds differ by a constant percentage rather than amount
**exact proportion varies by stimulus: weight must differ by 2%; light intensity by 8%

16. Signal Detection Theory
predicts when we will detect weak stimuli amid background noise
Things like motivation, experience, expectations, or physical state can effect what we sense
A mom might sleep through a thunderstorm, but if one of her sons even whimpers, she is up!!!

17. Subliminal Messages Stimuli below our absolute threshold.
Play “Help” backwards "Now he uses marijuana.“
Stimuli below our absolute threshold.
We unconsciously sense it
Do Subliminal Messages work?
To an extent… they can prime your later behavior to a very small degree

18. Sensory Adaptation
diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Purpose is to help us focus on changes in our environment
Water is cold at first but then you get used to it!
Hear the “buzz” of a powered TV at first, but then goes away
Do you feel your underwear all day?